Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Ch.22

Building a German Nation Sec. 1

Otto von Bismarck Who: Prime minister of Prussia What: King William I made him Prime Minister, he hoped to bring more power to the Hohenollerns (Prussian kings) by uniting Germ When: 1871 Where: Prussia, Germany Why: used Realpolitik to create a powerful Prussian army – starts wars w. nearby powers (Austria & France) to solidify Prussian power & bring Germanic ppls together  he unites the Germanic states into large empire “2nd Reich” = Germany is largest, most powerful country in Europe

Chancellor Who: Otto Von Bismarck What: the highest official of a monarch When: 1862 Where: Prussia Why: King William I made Bismarck Prime minister = soon became this high official w. all the real leading power

Realpolitik Who: Otto von Bismarck What: real politics based on the needs of the state, “Blood and Iron” When: 1860s-1870s Where: Prussia, Germany Why: in this strategy power was more important than principles; Bismarck used this policy of “Blood & Iron” (the blood of men in war & build up your industry) to unite G through war & make it into a powerful empire

Annex Who: Bismarck, Prussians What: take control of other land When: 1866 Where: Prussia, north German states Why: Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation- went to war w. Austria – Prussia won = took north German states & made a new Prussian-led confederation = kicking Austria out

Kaiser Who William I What: German title for Emperor When: 1871 Where: Germany Why: German people  b.c of the victory over France = convince William I to take this title when the German Confederation was united under one central power in the Second Reich (or Empire)

Reich Who Germans, nationalists What: German empire When1871 Where Germany Why: This united Germany into one central Empire; Bismarck set up a two-house legislature; Bundesrat (upper house) appointed by rulers, Reichstag (lower house)- elected by universal male suffrage; Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag= power remained w. Emperor

Germany Strengthens Sec. 2

Kulturkampf Who: Bismarck What: “Battle for Civilization” between Catholics & Lutherans When: 1871-1878 Where: Germany Why: Bismarck was a Lutheran, 1/3rd of Germany was Catholic = he distrusted them = wanted them to put loyalty to the state instead of church = passed laws that gave the state the right to supervise Catholics = Catholics united agnst Bismarck = he tried to make peace w. them

William II Who: German Kaiser, grandson of William I What: succeeded William I, the 1st Kaiser; confident ruler who believed his right to rule was from God When Where Why: (on the next slide..)

Why… shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to step down b.c. he wanted the pwr; resisted Democratic reforms but provided social welfare programs; Built up German military, the greatest in Europe (…WWI…) Expanded German navy His nationalism & aggressive military stance = increased tensions = WWI

Social Welfare Who: William II What: programs to help certain groups of people When: 1888 Where: Germany Why: William II’s gov’t provided services such as cheap transportation & electricity; an excellent system of public schools taught students obedience to the Emperor

Unifying Italy Sec. 3

Camillo Cavour Who: Italian politician & unifier What: watned to unify Italy under a monarchy, unified Northern Italy When: 1860s Where: Italy Why: He reformed Sardinia’s economy- improved agriculture, built railroads, free trade; Long term goal: end Austrian control in Italy & annex Lombardy & Venetia (provinces near him); provoked war with Austria = independence = unified Northern Italy; joined with Garibaldi= one complete unified Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi Who: Italian nationalist What: led “Red shirts” & wanted Italian unification under a republic, unified Southern Italy When: 1860s Where: Italy Why: led “Red Shirts” (army) in controlling Sicily then joined Cavour’s forces & united Southern Italy= turned over S. Italy to Emmanuel (in the North) for one complete unified Italy

Anarchist Who: Socialists, Anarchists What: people who want to abolish all government When: late 1800s Where: Italy Why: Left wing radicals were struggling agnst the Conservative govt- eventually Anarchists emerged b.c. they believed the gov’t no longer was a functional system= they turned to sabotage & violence = eventually the govt extended suffrage to more men & improved social conditions

Emigration Who: Italian peasants What: to move away from your homeland, people that leave to live in another country When: 1900s Where: Italy to US, Canada, Latin Am Why: many Italians left & went to Americas because of the divisions (poor vs rich) & political probs (Lib vs. Conserv.); by 1914, Italy was much better off than 1861 but still had probs

Russia: Reform and Reaction Sec.5

Colossus Who: Russia What: giant in size When: 1800s- present Where: Russia Why: Russia was giant in size = Europeans feared her autocratic govt & expansion; but even though Russia had immense natural resources she remained economically undeveloped = there was a need to modernize

Crimean War Who: Russians vs. Ottoman Turks What: a war the broke out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman Lands along the Danube River Where: Crimean Peninsula When: 1855 Why: Britain & France helped Ottomans invade the Crimean penin; Russia was defeated = revealed Russsia’s backwardness = Russia had only a few miles of RR, military was inefficient = many felt dramatic changes were needed to modernize

Alexander II Who: Tsar of Russia What: A tsar who believed in reform and repression When: 1855 Where: Russia Why: (on next slide)

Why: liberals demanded dramatic changes so he: In 1861 he emancipated all serfs; He also set up a system of local gov. Elected assemblies (zemstovs) ; discussed road repairs, schools, and agriculture Legal reforms like trial by jury Eased censorship Reduced military service terms encouraged growth of industry Reforms still didn’t please the majority = he became more strict = assassinated 1881

Emancipation Who: Alexander II, Russian serfs What: freeing of the serfs When: 1861 Where: Russia Why: Alexander II reformed Russia in order to improve it- this freedom brought probs. = former serfs had to buy the land they had worked, but were 2 poor; the land allotted to peasants were 2 small to efficiently support a family/make a living * Peasants stayed poor = DISCONTENT!

Zemstov Who: Alexander II, Russians What: elected assemblies When: 1861 Where:Russia Why: Alexander II reformed Russia by giving a form of elected gov’t = they were responsible for road repairs, schools, & agriculture= this gave Russians some experience w. self-government at the local level

Alexander III Who: Tsar of Russia, son Alexander II What: revives harsh methods of Nicholas I, focused more on repression & gets rids of Alex II’s reforms Where: Russia When: 1881-1890s Why:

Why: Increased power of secret police Restored strict censorship Exiled critics to Siberia Russification= suppressed non-Russian cultures= increased persecution of the Jews Finally entered the industrial age

Pogrom Who: Jewish, Russians What: violent mob attacks on Jewish people & their homes When: 1800-1914 Where: Russia Why: Under Alex III, persecution increased = Jews not allowed at universities or in certain professions, forced to live in certain places; gangs beat & killed Jewish people, looted & burned their homes & stores= most Jews fled in large #s to the US

Refugees Who: Russian Jews What: people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere When: 1800s-1900s Where: Russia- US Why: official persecution of Jews encouraged pogroms = gangs beating, killing, burning Jews & their homes = many left Russia for safety = large #s went to the US

Nicholas II Who: Tsar of Russia, son of Alexander III What: focused on economic development Where: Russia When: 1894-1917 Why: (on next slide)

encouraged industrialization encouraged building of RR; secured foreign capital to invest in industry & transportation (Trans-Siberian RR) = political & social probs increased- peasants & nobles feared rapid changes & poor working conditions =  = Revolution of 1905 = tried to please the people w. Duma & changes but still not happy = Rev. of 1917 = executed = end to the monarchy in Russia

Duma Who: Nicholas II, Russians What: an elected national legislature When: 1905 Where: Russia Why: peasants are angry & revolt in the Rev of 1905 = terrorists target gov’t officials = Nicholas II summons the Duma to appease the ppl saying no law would go into effect w.o their approval

Peter Stolypin Who: Russian prime minister under Nicholas II What: Russian prime minister that sought to restore order after Revolution of 1905 When:1906 Where: Russia Why: he wanted to reform Russia; wanted to gain peasant support w. moderate land reforms, strengthened zemstovs & improved education; - reforms too limited for most = was assassinated 1911