Hemopoietic System Spring 2012 FINAL

2 Hemopoietic System 1) 2) 3) 4)

3 Three Types of Blood Cells ______________ –Red blood cells –Responsible for transferring oxygen and CO2 to & from various organs in the body _______________ –White blood cells –Formed within bone marrow –Play an important role in body’s defense system _______________ –Platelets –Necessary for blood to clot properly

4 Erythrocytes Very small cells in relation to other blood cells Don’t contain a ___________ –Live approx _____________ Individuals with less than 12g per 100ml of blood have anemia Contain various ___________ or lack of which determines blood type

5 Blood Types i.This rebuttal has been covered in point number 2 above.

6 ____________________ Rejection of cells due to antigens –Can cause immediate shock –Delayed symptoms _______________________________ –Universal donor (does not have antigens) _______________________________ –Universal recipient

7 ________________________

8 Pathologies of RBC’s

9 Erythrocytes cts/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s03l01 01_p1/11s03l0101_p1.htmlhttp://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/obje cts/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s03l01 01_p1/11s03l0101_p1.html

10 Leukocytes May be classified as _______&___________ –Granular has _________granules and irregular _____ –Non-granular does not contain granules & has a __________nucleus Mainly formed in __________& ____________ Able to move out of capillaries and attack foreign substances

11 Leukocytes

12 Leukocytes cts/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s04l01 01_p1/11s04l0101_p1.htmlhttp://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/obje cts/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s04l01 01_p1/11s04l0101_p1.html

13 Thrombocytes Necessary for blood to ___________________ Formed in ____________ Live for __________ days Critical for preventing ___________

14 Thrombocytes cts/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s05l01 01_p1/11s05l0101_p1.html

15 Lymphatic System

16 Lymphocytes Most _________________________ blood cells Most important in the development of ________ Derived from lymphatic tissue (T) and bone marrow (B) –Both work together to ingest foreign substances and process the specific foreign antigens –With transplants- these cells along with macrophages see it as a foreign substance Try to destroy the foreign antigens resulting in rejection of graft or organ

17 Spleen

18 Spleen Largest ______organ Produces ______________and ______________ Cleanses _______ & lymphocytes to fight infectious blood-borne microorganisms –Removes _________________

19 Anemia ______________________________________ –Results in improper formation of new RBC’s –Increased rate of RBC destruction –Or a loss of RBC as a result of prolonged bleeding Person appears_____________________ Has muscle weakness, fatigue, & SOB

20 Types of Anemia 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

21 _______________________ Most common type Results from ___________________________ –From an ulcer, malignant tumor, or menorrhagia –Inadequate iron intake –Pregnancy Treatment –_________________________________

22 ________________________ Shortened life span of the red blood cells with resulting hemolysis and the release of hemoglobin into the plasma 3 hereditary defects 1) 2) 3)

23 ____________________ Hemoglobin molecule is abnormal and RBC’s are __________________ –Tend to rupture X-ray demonstrates biconcave indentations on both the superior & inferior margins –______________________

24 Thalassemia Defect in hemoglobin formation Occurs in persons living near Mediterranean Sea ___________________ Extensive hyperplasia X-ray demonstrates widening of medullary spaces and thinning of the cortices –______________________ ______________________

25 ____________ A deficiency of ______&__________ –Can be from __________, strict vegetarianism & alcoholism –Leads to defective DNA synthesis –Decreased number if __________________

26 _____________________ Failure of _________________ to function Results in a decrease in RBC’s, leukocytes, and platelets –Cannot _______________ and have a ______________________________ Causes include exposure to chemical agents, drugs, infections and invasion of bone marrow by cancer

27 ______________________ Infiltration of bone marrow by ____,________, &___________________ Causes cortical thickening and can cause a severe decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow

28 AIDS It is caused by HIV 1 and HIV 2 HIV 1 more virulent –Paralyzes the normal immune mechanisms resulting in severe immunosuppression –In the majority of cases in western hemisphere HIV 2 –Converts viral RNA to a DNA copy –Each time cell divides retroviral DNA is duplicated

29 HIV and Tissues One major sign in the presence of unusual opportunistic infections Symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, joint pain w/in 1-4 weeks of infection

30 ______________ Contrast enhanced lesions Will be shown via CT and MRI

31 _______________ Most common malignanancy In AIDS pts Especially in homosexual males Co-infected with herpes Present in 25-30% of AIDS pts

32 AIDS X-rays demonstrate hilar Adenopathy Nodular pulmonary Infiltrates Pleural effusion

33 Case Study REVIEW _______________ Chest radiograph of patient with dyspnea, hypoxia, and HIV infection. The pattern of diffuse interstitial infiltrates as seen suggests a diagnosis of PCP.

Neoplastic Diseases

35 ______________ X-ray plays an important role as ____ of cases has bone involvement X-ray demonstrates ___________with Discrete punched out _______ lesions MRI can be useful in early stage

36 Multiple Myeloma Disease of plasma cells that results in cell proliferation Usually confined to _________________ Forms tumors with weakened bone

37 Leukemia Neoplastic disease of leukocytes May lead to anemia, bleeding & infection All forms require destruction of cells through radiation therapy or chemotherapy –Leaves pt severely immunosuppressed –Survival rates depends on complete remission –May bone marrow transplant Radiography plays limited role

38 Leukemia Acute Quick onset May have hemorrhage Children primarily –33% of all cancer deaths in children under 15 Without treatment die in 6 months Poor differentiated cells Chronic Slow onset Non specific signs –Fatigue & weakness Over age 60 years Mature differentiated cells

39 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Around aorta and mesentary

40 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma CT of abdomen & pelvis is used to stage disease Treatment consists of chemo and/or Rad therapy Symptoms vary –Lymphadenopathy and anemia

41 Case study: Hodgkin’s Disease CT exams show enlarged retroperitoneal nodes NM and MRI can be useful in staring of this disease as well

42 Hodgkin’s Disease Treatment includes RAD therapy And chemotherapy Symptoms include malaise, fever, Anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes

43 Infectious Mononucleosis Viral disease Often associated with Epstein Barr syndrome

44 Infectious Mononucleosis X-rays can demonstrate this by Demonstrating _______________& ____________________________ Hilar lymph node enlargement bilateral

45 Hemophilia

46 Hemophilia Inherited anomaly of ____________________ that only affects males X-ray demonstrates recurrent bleeding in _____ –Most commonly ______,______, &_____________ –Soft tissue prominence –Synovial hypertrophy –Causes destruction of bone leading to segments of severe osteoporosis

47 Hemophilia

48 Imaging Considerations X-ray plays a limited role –Except in cases of multiple myeloma, some types of leukemia and AIDS CT is valuable in determining lymph node involvement of neoplastic disease CT and MRI of brain can assist in diagnosis and treatment of CNS problems associated with HIV MRI useful in diseases of the blood marrow