Objectives Analysis tools for determining cost and cost- effectiveness

Cost energy efficiency and renewables What is the appropriate cost of energy? Huge variation nationally Depends on customer Depends on sector Energy Transmission Distribution Fuel

How much do you pay for electricity? $/kWh $/kWh $/kWh $/kWh Depends on how much I use Depends on what time of year

Rate (E01): Winter Billing Months November through April Summer Billing Months May through October Customer Charge $6.00 Energy Rate (E01) 3.55¢ per kWh, first 500 kWh 6.02¢ per kWh, for all kWh over 500 kWh 7.82¢ per kWh, over 500 kWh Fuel Adjustment Clause (FAC)Fuel Adjustment Clause (FAC) - plus an adjustment for variable costs, calculated according to the Fuel Adjustment Clause Tariff, multiplied by all kWh.adjustment

Primary Service (For Rates: E01, E02, E03, E04, E05, E06, E10, E13, E14, E23, ENW) January July 2000$ August October 2000$ November January 2001$ February December 2001$ January June 2003$ July October 2003$ November 1, December 31, 2003 $ For electric bills received beginning January 1, 2004 $

Which state has the highest residential electricity rate? What determines this? Why are there large discrepancies? What are differences between utilities? What is deregulation?

Electricity Restructuring (Feb. 2003) (Feb. 2003)

What should you pay for electricity?pay for electricity

What should you pay for electricity? Is electricity cheaper or more expensive in Austin than in the rest of the world? 2002 numbers Nuclear ($0.10/kWh) Gas ($0.03/kWh) Coal ($0.05/kWh)

What about natural gas? How is natural gas sold? What does it cost? s/data_publications/natural_gas_monthly/curre nt/pdf/table_21.pdfhttp:// s/data_publications/natural_gas_monthly/curre nt/pdf/table_21.pdf ~1000 BTU/ft 3 ft 3 = cf, ccf = 100 ccf = 1therm

What does gas cost in Austin? Austin $0.78/ccf (March 2003) Austin $1.82/ccf (March 2004) or $0.24/ccf Gas prices rose 43% February to March 2003 Gas market is heavily influenced by electricity market Gas market is more subject to manipulation

Question 1 How much cheaper is it to heat with a gas furnace than a electric resistance furnace? Other issues Fan (adds heat at electricity rate) Pilot light (0.2 therm/day) Safety Equipment cost Maintenance

Austin Energy Code Requirements Glazing percent of gross wall area:15%18%20%25% Exterior wallsR-13 Floors over unconditioned spaceR-11 R-13 Attics and knee wallsR-26R-30 Glazing U-factor (max)

Question 2 What is the cost/benefit of insulating my house with R-19 instead of R-13? 1150 ft 2 of wall area 0.76 $/ft 2 for R $/ft 2 for R-19 How much does the answer change if I had gas heat?

Question 2 Issues How do we figure out how much heat I need? Weather data (what is relevant data?) Bill analysis (statistics) Modeling/simulation

Question 3 ECJ delamp from four 40W fluorescent tubes to two 34W tubes Cost/fixture is $100 Assume constant ballast factor What is cost/benefit?

Question 3 issues What is cost of electricity? primary.htmlhttp:// primary.html How do you figure out savings from reduced cooling? How long are lights on? What other costs are important?

Question 4 How much does sealing and/or insulating heating and cooling ducts save? Cost varies considerably ~Small homes, $350/home We are interested in the system efficiency Overall impact of ducts

Duct System efficiency

Site T08, Eugene OR Efficiency went from ~ 40% to around 80% Electric resistance furnace Electricity was $0.05/kWh How would we figure out how much we would save?

Efficiency program evaluation Apply savings from a particular measure to a large number of buildings Assume statistical averages for population and building evaluation Can be significant deviation Almost always overpredict savings Need to measure savings

Reminder: Cost of renewables FuelCost US¢/kWh Solar30 Wave9 Biomass6 Wind5

How much does conservation cost? Who is paying for it? How long does a measure last? What else can you do with the money? How valuable is reducing pollution? What common myths are out there?common myths For duct sealing project shown above – cost was about $/kWh

Savings Costs and benefits are tractable Often not obvious Require analysis and consideration of factors removed from actual issue Consider non-economic benefits LEED Cost per point debate