Knower(s) Natural Sciences Language Sense Perception Emotion Reason Mathematics Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Areas of Knowledge Theory of Knowledge Diagram Ways of Knowing

TaK - Emotion What do you think of when you hear the word ‘Emotion’?

TaK - Emotion Emotion (noun) A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes; a feeling “movere” Latin – to move

TaK - Emotion How are you feeling now, at this moment? How do you know? Why do you think you are feeling this way?

TaK - Emotion What are emotions for?

TaK - Emotion Do you think that Emotion is often looked at with suspicion? If so, why?

TaK - Emotion What role does emotion play in producing knowledge? Knowledge: 1.Knowing that (theoretical) …. 2.Knowing how (practical) …. 3.Knowing someone (familiarity) …. 4.Knowing what is right (moral) ….

TaK - Emotion To what extent are we able to control our emotions? Has anyone ever said to you, “Stop crying, you’re being irrational!” “You have no reason to be angry!” “There is no reason to be afraid!” Which emotion is the hardest to control?

You are walking down a dark alley... there are footsteps behind you … TaK - Emotion

EmotionReason Opposition?

TaK - Emotion An enemy of reason? or An important precondition for knowledge?

TaK - Emotion EmotionReason Opposition? Charioteer: Reason Horses: Boldness & Desire

TaK - Emotion

"Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions" David Hume ( )

TaK - Emotion “Nothing great is accomplished in the world without passion” Hegel ( )

As we swim along in our sea of experiences and impressions, how do we decide what to notice and therefore what to value? TaK - Emotion

Without emotion … We would feel neither approval nor disapproval; attraction or repulsion; like or dislike… Everything would be of equal value No part of the world would be more important than any another… There could be no interest in any human relationship, in any work, in any play… With no emotions, can there be goals? TaK - Emotion

EmotionReason Balance?

TaK - Emotion Emotion Reason Balance?

Emotion and Reason FuriousGetting annoyed Solving a maths problem ReasonEmotion TaK - Emotion Not ‘either – or’, but ‘more - or – less’

TaK - Emotion Why are we attracted to some human faces but not to others?

TaK - Emotion How does she feel? How do you know? The title is ‘Absinthe’ Does that affect your interpretation of the picture? Knowing emotion through perception

Happiness Sadness Fear Anger Surprise Disgust TaK - Emotion Primary or Universal Emotions

TaK - Emotion Secondary or Social Emotions (Socially conditioned) Embarrassment Jealousy Guilt Pride

TaK - Emotion Secondary or Social Emotions (Socially conditioned)

TaK - Emotion Background Emotions (frequently not conscious) Well-being / Malaise Calm / Tension Fatigue / Energy Anticipation / Dread

Rationalisations Experiences Powerful Emotions Biased Perception Fallacious Reasoning Emotive Language TaK - Emotion  Bill sees some people he assumes are immigrants standing on the street corner…  He feels irritated and angry …  He notices only lazy immigrants and overlooks hard-working ones …  He makes hasty generalisations from his own experience…  He concludes that immigrants ‘are idle’ and ‘don’t know the meaning of hard work!’ … The above factors reinforce the original prejudice and make it difficult for Bill to be objective.

TaK - Emotion What role does Emotion play in shaping knowledge?

ToK - Emotion Emotions as a source of knowledge Have you ever been in a situation where you had to choose between two equally attractive options? How did you come to a decision?

What role do you think is usually played by emotion when people decide which universities to apply to? TaK - Emotion

Paul has arranged to meet Tom at 3pm. Tom arrives at 3.02pm and apologises for being late. Rather than accept the apology, Paul starts screaming and shouting about Tom’s lack of consideration and completely loses his self-control. TaK - Emotion

The hospital phones Jane with terrible news. Her husband has been assaulted and is lying unconscious in Intensive Care. “Oh dear”, she says, “that is annoying! I was hoping to play tennis this afternoon, but I suppose I had better come and visit him.” Showing too little emotion is, perhaps, as irrational as showing too much TaK - Emotion

“Anyone can be angry – that is easy. But to be angry with the right person to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose and in the right way – that is not easy.” Aristotle TaK - Emotion What does he mean?

Intuition Core intuitions - our most fundamental intuitions about life the universe and everything.  All human beings are created equal  My friends are not aliens  Murder is wrong  Life is not a dream  The laws of Physics will not break down tomorrow Things we consider to be ‘obvious’ TaK - Emotion

Intuition We sometimes appeal to intuition to justify our knowledge claims in various areas of knowledge about which we perhaps know little, but research suggests that such ‘uneducated’ intuitions should be treated with caution…. TaK - Emotion

Intuition Subject-specific intuitions – the intuitions we have in various areas of knowledge such as science and ethics Imagine you are standing on a flat plain holding a bullet in one hand, and a loaded gun in the other. If you fire the gun horizontally, and drop the bullet at exactly the same time which of the two bullets will hit the ground first? TaK - Emotion

Intuition Educated Intuition  ‘Eureka!’ moments TaK - Emotion

Intuition Social intuitions – our intuitions about other people, what they are like, whether or not they can be trusted etc TaK - Emotion

Imagine that you are presented with a special gift: a machine - the “Happiness Machine” – that can give you wonderfully positive emotions. All you have to do is hook yourself up... and switch it on. But there’s a price: once the machine is switched on, you will not remember anything that happened before switching on the machine. Ever again. Do you want to switch the machine on? Why? TaK - Emotion

What is the role of Emotion in your IB subjects?

TaK - Emotion Some key points: The emotions are relevant to the search for knowledge because they provide us with energy, affect our thinking and are sometimes used to justify our beliefs The six primary emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust are found in all cultures Emotions are sometimes an obstacle to knowledge. Strong emotions can color our perception, distort our thinking and inflame our language Rather than think of reason and emotion as opposites, it may make more sense to say that our emotions can themselves be more or less rational Intuition is an immediate insight into something – sometimes valuable, sometimes to be treated with caution.

Questions… How might it be said that all decisions and therefore actions are based on emotion? Why is it we rely on these feelings as a higher form of certainty than raw, objective empirical data? What are the flaws in relying solely on emotion as a way of knowing? Despite these flaws, how do we integrate emotion to create justified true belief? In what areas of knowledge is emotion important? TaK - Emotion

ToK Essay Prescribed Title 2008: “There can be no knowledge without emotion.... until we have felt the force of the knowledge, it is not ours” Discuss this vision of the relationship between knowledge and emotion. TaK - Emotion

Emotion Language Is language used more to persuade or describe? Language Is language used more to persuade or describe? Reason Are we driven more by reason or emotion? Reason Are we driven more by reason or emotion? Ethics Is ethics more a matter of the heart than the head? Ethics Is ethics more a matter of the heart than the head? Arts Do the arts provoke emotions or purge them? Arts Do the arts provoke emotions or purge them? History What role does empathy play in the historian’s work? History What role does empathy play in the historian’s work? Human Sciences How much of a problem is bias in the social sciences? Human Sciences How much of a problem is bias in the social sciences? Maths How important is intuition in mathematics? Maths How important is intuition in mathematics? Natural Sciences What does biology tell us about the emotions? Natural Sciences What does biology tell us about the emotions? TaK - Emotion

“The most beautiful emotion we can experience is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion that stands at the cradle of all true art and science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead, a sniffed-out candle. To sense that behind anything that can be experienced there is something that our minds cannot grasp, whose beauty and sublimity reaches us only indirectly: this is religiousness. In this sense, and in this sense only, I am a devoutly religious man” Albert Einstein TaK - Emotion

Extras

TaK - Emotion An Emotion Wheel designed by Robert Plutchik in Eight basic emotions with their opposites. Combinations: Optimism is composed of Anticipation and Joy. It’s opposite is Disapproval. etc

TaK - Emotion Joy Sadness Anxious Envy Gratitude Confident Awe Relief Wonder Energetic Disgust Stupid Ashamed Hungry Happy Helpless Hopeful Lucky Content Guilty Sleepy Bored Tired Irritated Relaxed Surprised Amused Proud Nervous Instinctive Social Inward Looking Outward Looking Inward looking: such as ‘fear’ where we are ‘drawn into ourselves’ Outward looking: such as ‘wonder’ where we are ‘drawn out of ourselves’ Instinctive: such as anger, love Social: such as guilt, shame

TaK - Emotion “Above all else, guard your heart, for it affects everything you do” Bible

TaK - Emotion Why do we want to touch some sculptures and stand away from others? Henry MooreGiacometti