Kuril Islands dispute between Russia and Japan Kuril Islands dispute is the main diplomatic agenda since Today, the window of opportunity seems to be open. There is no peace treaty. 1

Views of Japan’s Influence, 2012 Views of Russia’s Influence,

China Russia North Korea South Korea 3

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Kuril Islands dispute between Russia and Japan Kuril Islands dispute is the main diplomatic agenda since Today, the window of opportunity seems to be open. There is no peace treaty. 5

Why there is no peace treaty between Russia and Japan? Mainly because, the Soviet Union did not sign San Francisco Peace Treaty in In 1956, Japan and the Soviet Union tried to make a peace treaty, but failed mainly because of Kuril Islands dispute. ←After San Francisco Peace Conference, Yoshida and Acheson shake hands. 6

December Pearl Harbor Teheran Conference November 28, 1943 to December 1 Yalta conference February 4–11, 1945 Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1941 April What is the relationship between Japan and the Soviet Union in WW2? August 8 The Soviet Union unilaterally renounced the treaty. 7

The End of WW2 Bombing of Tokyo November 17, 1944 to August , the day Japan surrendered. 8.6 Hiroshima 8.8 Soviet declared war on Japan 8.9 Nagasa ki 8

August 11 August Invasion and Disarmament August 21 –September 4 The Invasion of the Kuril Islands (Kuril Islands Landing Operation) 9

By the end of World War II there were from 560,000 to 760,000 Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union and Mongolia interned to work in labor camps. About 10% of them died, mostly during the winter of 1945–1946. Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Siberian Internment (the Japanese term) 10

The Japanese representatives The Surrender of Japan on September 2,

The Constitution of Japan enacted on May 3,

The Cold War March 1947 Truman Doctrine August 1949 First Soviet nuclear test February 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance June 1950 Korean War Separate Peace or Overall Peace 13

September 8, 1951 The San Francisco Peace Treaty Shigeru Yoshida Prime Minister 1946 to to

September 8, 1951 The San Francisco Peace Treaty Under the treaty, Japan ceded southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, but the beneficiary was not indicated in the treaty. Nor were the Kuril Islands defined and specifically listed. Articles 2 of the San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951) (c) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands… 15

Andrei Andreevich Gromyko Minister of F.A. of the Soviet Union 1957 to

Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan September 8,

Dec – Dec Remained Problems Ichiro Hatoyama 1. Japan could not join United Nations, mainly because of Veto by the Soviet Union. 2. Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union and Mongolia interned to work in labor camps. Siberian Internment. (the Japanese term) 3. Kuril Issues. 4. Fishing Rights around Kuril Islands. 18

Mamoru Shigemitsu Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Yakov Alexandrovich Malik Separate Negotiation between

1972 Okinawa Kuril Islands August 1956, Dulles’s threat John Foster Dulles Secretary of State By July 1956, Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu, suggested during a visit to Moscow that he would accept a peace treaty following the return of only two of the disputed islands, the Habomais and Shikotan. Tokyo, however, rejected this notion… In August 1956, in the midst of Soviet-Japanese negotiations in London, Secretary of State Dulles informed Foreign Minister Shigemitsu that if Japan gave up its claim to the southern Kuril islands, then the United States might feel obliged to retain Okinawa in perpetuity. News of this exchange soon fed rumors in both Moscow and Tokyo that Dulles was attempting to derail the Soviet- Japanese talks. “A Historical Reevaluation of America's Role in the Kuril Islands Dispute Bruce A. Elleman” By July 1956, Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu, suggested during a visit to Moscow that he would accept a peace treaty following the return of only two of the disputed islands, the Habomais and Shikotan. Tokyo, however, rejected this notion… In August 1956, in the midst of Soviet-Japanese negotiations in London, Secretary of State Dulles informed Foreign Minister Shigemitsu that if Japan gave up its claim to the southern Kuril islands, then the United States might feel obliged to retain Okinawa in perpetuity. News of this exchange soon fed rumors in both Moscow and Tokyo that Dulles was attempting to derail the Soviet- Japanese talks. “A Historical Reevaluation of America's Role in the Kuril Islands Dispute Bruce A. Elleman” 20