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A2 Physical Education Sport Psychology Group cohesion and Attribution Theory Week 4 Revision

Summary sheets

Group Dynamics TIPS! Be able to define the terms ‘group’ and ‘team’. Group formation and dynamics, Carron’s antecedents Factors affecting cohesion Task and social cohesion Stenier’s model Ringlemann effect, social loafing and strategies to overcome social loafing

Groups A collective identity GROUPS (Carron) A sense of shared purpose “Groups are those social aggregates that involve mutual awareness and the potential for interaction” (McGrath) A collective identity GROUPS (Carron) A sense of shared purpose A clear structure for communication

Stages of group formation. Whose model is this Stages of group formation. Whose model is this? Describe each stage to your partner.

Group Cohesion “The extent to which a group sticks together in pursuit of a common goal.” TASK COHESION The way team members work together to successfully complete a task, e.g. a football team sets Out to win by adopting attacking Tactics at home & away matches Vital in INTERACTIVE Sports, e.g. hockey SOCIAL COHESION The personal relationships within a group which relies on individuals enjoying social interaction, e.g. strong Bond developed whilst on tour. Vital in CO-ACTIVE sports, e.g. track and field

Group Dynamics “The social processes operating within the group between individual members.” TO ACHIEVE COHESION Break down cliques and sub groups Separate pairs Integrate isolates SUB GROUPS Small groups contained within the whole group GROUP DYNAMIC SOCIOGRAM The best way of illustrating the group dynamics of a team. Team sports rely on units within the team Working closely together

Carron’s model

Steiner’s Model ACTUAL = POTENTIAL - LOSSES DUE TO PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY FAULTY PROCESSES (AP) (PP) (FP) The maximum capability of the group when cohesiveness is strongest Factors that go wrong in team performance which impede/ prevent group cohesion e.g. co-ordination losses & motivational losses The team performance at any given time (due to successful interaction) GROUP COHESION IS THE FORCE THAT BINDS A GROUP TOGETHER, HELPING TO PREVENT FAULTY PROCESSES.

Faulty Processes Co-ordination Losses Motivation Losses These occur when the ‘operational effectiveness’ of the group cannot be sustained for the whole match. Planned strategies/tactics may go wrong due to positional error or bad timing, e.g. Line out in rugby. Motivation Losses This may occur if the task is too difficult. Also an individual might suffer loss of motivation causing them to withdraw effort and coast through that part of the game. They hide! A motivation loss that leads to a reduction in effort is called SOCIAL LOAFING. This is called when an individuals efforts go unnoticed or when someone feels like the others on their team are not trying hard enough. People with low SC tend to be loafers. A co-ordination loss that leads to a breakdown in team work is called the RINGLEMANN EFFECT. Problems with team co-ordination are more likely to increase as the number of team members increase.

Group Locomotion “ The process that explains the reasons why the group has formed. It symbolises the activity of the team.” ****Don’t always assume that good players make good leaders! Make sure you know the characteristics of a good leader**** For locomotion to be efficient there must be a LEADER to ensure the co-ordination of the team.

Strategies to develop an effective group and cohesion

What’s the difference? Ringlemann effect and social loafing Strategies to minimise the effects of social loafing.

Question Explain Carron’s antecedents and suggest how they may determine the cohesiveness of a group.

Review the syllabus Devise two questions (3 and 4 marks) Devise one essay question (14 marks)

Group cohesion – traffic light sheet Anything new that I’ve learnt

Summary sheets

Attribution Theory TIPS! You should be able to identify the reasons for success and failure in sport. You need to understand ‘Weiner’s Attribution Model’ and be able to relate it to specific sporting situations. Learn the definitions of ‘mastery orientation’ and ‘learned helplessness’.

Weiner’s Attribution Model ability / task difficulty Attribution Theory Attribution theory looks at the common reasons coaches and players give for their success or failure in sport. LOCUS OF CAUSALITY is the performance outcome caused by - INTERNAL factors under the control of the performer ability / effort - EXTERNAL factors beyond the control of the performer task difficulty / luck Weiner’s Attribution Model STABILITY is the performance outcome caused by - STABLE factors fixed factors which don’t change with time ability / task difficulty - UNSTABLE factors factors which can vary with time effort / luck

Weiner’s model - Dimensions Locus of causality could fall into two sub divided areas Internal and external Stability dimension: Stable and unstable Third dimension added in (1986) Locus of control: Personal and external

Attribution Theory HIGH ACHIEVERS attribute success to internal factors and attribute failure to external factors LOW ACHIEVERS attribute success to external factors and attribute failure to internal factors

Attribution Retraining The athlete has little control over ability, luck or task difficulty but has complete control over EFFORT. Effort is internal and unstable and can be changed by the performer. The coach changes the usual external attributions for failure into internal, unstable controllable factors. Attributing a lack of success to internal and unstable factors will help to prevent learned helplessness. LEARNED HELPLESSNESS A belief acquired over time that one has no control over events and that failure is inevitable. A feeling of ‘hopelessness.’

Learned helplessness What is it? General and specific List strategies to avoid it

Review the syllabus Devise two attribution questions (3 and 4 marks) Devise an attribution essay question (14 marks)

Attribution – traffic light sheet Anything new that I’ve learnt

Next lesson and homework Week 1 Aspects of personality Arousal Week 2 Controlling anxiety Attitudes Week 3 Aggression Confidence Week 4 Attribution theory Group success Week 5 Leadership