CHAPTER 13 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE

SECTION 1 MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

GREECE IS THE BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY. IT WAS SEPARATED INTO CITY-STATES. WHAT IS A CITY-STATE? IT WAS ALSO A CULTURAL HEARTH FOR WESTERN EUROPE, BECAUSE OF ITS DRAMA, PHILOSOPHY, LANGUAGE, ART, AND SCIENCE.

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

AFTER GREECE LOST POWER AND INFLUENCE, DUE TO WARS AND CONQUERERS, ROME BECAME THE NEW POWER THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT WAS A REPUBLIC IT STRETCHED FROM THE BRITISH ISLES TO NORTHERN AFRICA AT ITS HEIGHT.

MOVING TOWARD MODERN TIMES The Crusades began when the Muslims invaded the Holy Lands and prevented Christians from worshipping there. A series of wars and pilgrimages had Christians from Europe passing through Italy and southern Europe on their way to Jerusalem. This caused the Italian city-states to grow rich.

WAS A REVIVAL OF THE ARTS, LITERATURE AND LEARNING THE RENAISSANCE THE RENAISSANCE, OR “REBIRTH,” WAS A REVIVAL OF THE ARTS, LITERATURE AND LEARNING FROM THE GOLDEN AGE OF THE GREEKS. IT BEGAN IN ITALY AND SPREAD THROUGH MOST OF EUROPE

BUBONIC PLAGUE, THE “BALCK DEATH” OUTBREAKS OF THE BUBONIC PLAGUE, CARRIED BY THE FLEAS OF RATS, KILLED NEARLY ONE THIRD OF EUROPE’S POPULATION IN SEVERAL OUTBREAKS.

SPAIN’S EMPIRES NORTHERN AFRICA IN THE 700’S MUSLIMS INVADED SPAIN FROM NORTHERN AFRICA IN THE 700’S SPAIN’S QUEEN ISABELLA AND KING FERDINAND UNITED SPAIN AND BEGAN SUPPORTING EXPLORATIONS TO THE NEW WORLD IN THE LATE 1400’S

EUROPE’S CULTURE LANGUAGES EVOLVED FROM THE ROMAN LANGUAGE , LATIN LANGUAGES WERE CIRCULATED BY THE PUBLISHING OF RELIGIOUS WORKS DURING THE REFORMATION, THE FORMATION OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCHES, SUCH AS THE LUTHERAN, METHODIST, ANGLICAN, AND OTHERS

ART ART FLOURISHED IN ITALY, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS THE ROMAN CONSTRUCTIONS LIKE THE AQUEDUCTS AND PANTHEON REMAIN AS RUINS TODAY

THE PIETA BY MICHANGELO THE PANTHEON IN ROME BY DUTCH PAINTER VERMEER A ROMAN AQUEDUCT

ECONOMICS THROUGH THE YEARS, EUROPE HAS MOVED FROM AGRICULTURE TO INDUSTRY THE EUROPEAN UNION, FORMED IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY INCREASED MANUFACTURING STANDARDIZED THE MONEY SYSTEM WITH THE EURO INCREASED TRADE WITHIN THE CONTINENT