Welcome to the Unit Six Seminar for KU 120! Tonight’s Topics: Comparison/Contrast and Cause/Effect Patterns of Organization Alicia Rominger

Patterns of Organization Patterns of Organization Compare and contrast pattern of organization -- In this pattern, information that highlights similarities and differences of concepts are included. Compare and contrast pattern of organization -- In this pattern, information that highlights similarities and differences of concepts are included.

Comparison/Contrast In passages where you will see a Compare and Contrast Pattern of Organization, the reading will be organized to show similarities and differences between two concepts or topics. In passages where you will see a Compare and Contrast Pattern of Organization, the reading will be organized to show similarities and differences between two concepts or topics. Comparisons point out similarities between two topics; while contrasts point out differences. Comparisons point out similarities between two topics; while contrasts point out differences.

Some Transitions Signaling Similarity Along the same lines Along the same lines By the same token By the same token Also Also In like fashion or manner In like fashion or manner Just as Just as Likewise Likewise Similarly Similarly

Some Transitions Signaling Difference Actually Actually Although Although But But Conversely Conversely Despite the fact Despite the fact Even though Even though However However In contrast In contrast Nevertheless Nevertheless In contrast In contrast

Taking Notes on Comparison/Contrast Notes should include three essential elements: 1. The two topics being compared and/or contrasted. 2. The similarities and/or differences between the two. 3. The main ideas they explain or support.

Venn Diagram – Use with Comparison/Contrast Differences

Example One Gerald Ford, the 38 th president of the U.S., liked to allude to one of his predecessors, Harry S. Truman. Ford seemed to think that likening himself to Truman would increase his hold on the public’s imagination. Like For, Truman had been a vice president who became president only by chance. Neither Truman nor Ford was an intellectual, and both men tended to exaggerate their lack of learning, insisting that they were just simple men with simple tastes. Also, Ford liked to point out that both he and Truman came to office at a difficult time.

Example Two Laws and ethics are not quite the same. In general, laws are society’s attempt to formalize right and wrong conduct. However, it is rarely possible for written laws to capture all of the subtle shadings that people include in the code of ethics that they use to govern their lives. Ethical concepts are more complex than written rules of law.

Example Three The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle differed widely in their worldview. Plato was a believer in intuition rather than reason. Aristotle, on the other hand, was a firm believer in logic and hard evidence. Yet despite their basic difference, the two had a similarly negative effect on scientific progress. They both taught that all motion was in perfect circles at uniform speed, which later slowed acceptance of Kepler’s theory of planetary movement in the seventeen century.

Key Concepts Classification pattern of organization -- In this pattern, each part of a topic is broken down to explain the different parts. Classification pattern of organization -- In this pattern, each part of a topic is broken down to explain the different parts. Spider web -- This graphic organizer that allows the reader to organize information about a single concept. The information is organized with the main idea in the center circle and smaller circles including the supporting details that come out from the center. It resembles a spider web. Spider web -- This graphic organizer that allows the reader to organize information about a single concept. The information is organized with the main idea in the center circle and smaller circles including the supporting details that come out from the center. It resembles a spider web.

Classification This pattern is used to breakdown a topic into different parts. It explains the parts of the whole. For example, you may see an article about different jobs that are available in a particular business. Each job would be included and then an explanation would be given about each job and how it relates to the other jobs. This pattern is used to breakdown a topic into different parts. It explains the parts of the whole. For example, you may see an article about different jobs that are available in a particular business. Each job would be included and then an explanation would be given about each job and how it relates to the other jobs.

More on Classification Understanding how to use this organization pattern can assist you in both your reading comprehension as well as improving your writing skills. There are key words that assist a reader in knowing that a reading is organized by classification. Understanding how to use this organization pattern can assist you in both your reading comprehension as well as improving your writing skills. There are key words that assist a reader in knowing that a reading is organized by classification. Examples of key words that will help you know the reading is a classification pattern of organization are as follows: Examples of key words that will help you know the reading is a classification pattern of organization are as follows: Number of characteristics Number of characteristics Number of parts Number of parts Number of sections Number of sections Number of types Number of types

Sample Topic Sentences That Indicate Classification Scientific experiments fall into four different categories. Scientific experiments fall into four different categories. Bestsellers can be divided into three types. Bestsellers can be divided into three types. Researchers in interpersonal communication have come up with four kinds of conversations. Researchers in interpersonal communication have come up with four kinds of conversations.

Commonly Used Words in Classification Topic Sentences Categories Categories Components Components Fields Fields Groups Groups Parts Parts Factors Factors Elements Elements Types Types Kinds Kinds Classes Classes

Taking Notes on Classification 1. The name of the larger group being broken down into sub-groups. 2. The names of the categories if they are supplied. 3. A brief description of each category.

Example One There are three types of blood vessels in the human body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Arterial blood appears bright red because it is filled with oxygen. In contrast, blood in the veins, another type of blood vessel, purplish because it is no longer carrying a supply of oxygen. The third type of blood vessel is the capillary. Capillaries are tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins. Their walls are thin and digested food, or nutrients, pass through them to the cells of the body.

Graphic Organizer One Types of Blood Vessels ArteriesCapillariesVeins

Graphic Organizer Two Blood Vessels Arteries Blood is red, oxygenated Veins Blood is purplish, no oxygen Capillaries Thin walls, carry nutrients

Outline Format I. Types of blood vessels A. Arteries 1. Blood red 2. Oxygenated B. Veins 1. Blood purplish 2. No oxygen C. Capillaries 1. Thin walls 2. Carry nutrients

Write the pattern of organization which you would anticipate the author would use: listing, time, classification, or space order. 1. Instructions for making a quilt 2. An article celebrating the recent U.S. Open winner 3. A general’s journal telling about the events of World War I

listing, time, classification, or space order. 4. The things to pack in case of a hurricane evacuation 4. The things to pack in case of a hurricane evacuation 5. A sports article relating the events in a swimmer’s youth 5. A sports article relating the events in a swimmer’s youth 6. A psychology textbook passage that discusses the parts of the brain 6. A psychology textbook passage that discusses the parts of the brain

listing, time, classification, or space order. 7. A sociology textbook passage about the dilemma which immigrants in America face when they perceive learning English as the first step to losing their culture 8. A chart explaining stages of child development

9. A brochure on things to look for when purchasing a cell phone 9. A brochure on things to look for when purchasing a cell phone 10. Directions for running critical updates on your com 10. Directions for running critical updates on your com

_ 1_In contrast, the original Italian story is the gruesome tale of the Princess Talia, who falls into a magical sleep in the woods, where she is raped by a nobleman and, later on, gives birth to twins, whom the nobleman’s wife tries to have killed and cooked for dinner. __2 It is often said that fairy tales, with their heavy doses of violence, are too scary for young children. _3_Consider the story of Sleeping Beauty that today’s children know, which involves a princess who is put to sleep by a wicked witch and then awakened by the kiss of her true love. _4_But today’s versions of fairy tales are actually less frightening than the original stories.

___1_By 1960 the number of TV sets in the country had risen above 50 million. ___2_After eight years, there were a million TV sets in the United States. __3__Interest in television grew rapidly when broad- casting began in _4___By 1994 there were over 211 million TV sets American homes.

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