What are the characteristics of Acids & Bases? TASTE SOUR BITTER FEEL STINGS ON SKIN SLIPPERY,SMOOTH REACTION REACTS WITH METALS NO REACTION ELECTRICAL ELECTROLYTE ELECTROLYTE CONDUCTIVITY (BOTH CONDUCT ELECTRICITY)

What is the definition of acid/base? ARRHENIUS ACID: A SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES A H+ ION BASE: A SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES A OH- ION BRONSTED-LOWRY ANY SUBSTANCE THAT DONATES A PROTON (H+) ANY SUBSTANCE THAT ACCEPTS A PROTON (H+) LEWIS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON PAIR ANY SUBSTANCE THAT DONATES AN ELECTRON PAIR

HOW DO WE MEASURE ACIDS AND BASES? INDICATORS A SUBSTANCE THAT TURNS ONE COLOR IN AN ACIDIC SOLUTION AND ANOTHER COLOR IN A BASIC SOLUTION SOME INDICATORS ARE: LITMUS: DYE THAT COMES FROM A LICHEN PHENOLPHTHALEIN: INDICATES ONLY BASES UNIVERSAL INDICATOR: ACID, NEUTRALS, BASES CABBAGE JUICE: ACIDS, NEUTRAL, BASE

p(otential) of H(ydrogen)= WHAT IS THE pH scale? p(otential) of H(ydrogen)= -1 times the base 10 logarithm of the H3O+ Concentration in moles per liter Therefore, each one-unit change in pH represents a 10-fold change in concentration In pure water @ 25◦ C, both H3O+ and OH- concentrations are 1.0 x 10-7 M Acids have pH of less than 7 Bases have pH more than 7 Neutral has pH of 7

What is a common reaction of acids and bases? Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs When an acid loses a H+ ion it becomes its conjugate base For example, when HCl loses an H+ ion it becomes Cl- (conjugate base) NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH- (BASE) (ACID) (CONJ ACID) (CONJ BASE)

HOW DO WE NAME ACIDS AND BASES? BASES: USE SAME RULES AS NAMING COMPOUNDS EXAMPLE: NaOH SODIUM HYDROXIDE NOW YOU TRY: Ca(OH)2 KOH Mg(OH)2 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

HOW DO WE NAME ACIDS? ACIDS: AN ACID’S NAME COMES FROM THE ANION IT PRODUCES WHEN IT DISSOCIATES. HERE ARE SOME RULES; IF THE ANION ENDS IN “IDE” CHANGE IT TO “IC” AND ADD THE WORD “HYDRO” IN FRONT; HCl HYDROGEN CHLORIDE HYDROCHLORIC ACID IF THE ANION ENDS IN “ATE”, CHANGE IT TO “IC” AND DO NOT ADD A PREFIX H2SO4 HYDROGEN SULFATE SULFURIC ACID IF THE NAME ENDS IN “ITE”, CHANGE IT TO “OUS” AND DO NOT ADD A PREFIx H2SO3 HYDROGEN SULFITE SULFUROUS ACID

PROBLEM SOLVING 1. If th pH dropped from 4 to 2, the concentration of H3O+ changes by a factor a. of 10 b. of 100 c. of 2 d. of 1/100 2. What is the pH of a solution that has a H3O+ concentration of 5.13 x 10-2? 3. How would you name the following acids: a. HBr b. H2CO3 c. HF d. HNO3 4. What is the concentratrion of H3O+ ion in pure water ?