1. Chapter 15 Acids and Bases

2. Acids Vocabulary – Hydrogen ion = H +1 = Proton General Properties of Acids: Acids have a sour taste (ex – citrus fruits, soda, vinegar) Many acids contain hydrogen. Some react with active metals to liberate hydrogen gas (Remember Zn + HCl ) Acids change the color of indicators (ex – litmus = red) Acids react with base to produce salt and water HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2 O Acids are electrolytes

3. Acid Definitions An acid may fit one, two or all three definitions Traditional definition (Arrhenius) – Acids contain Hydrogen ion(s) and give them up when in water HCl (g) ---> H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) H2OH2O

4. Acid Definitions An acid may fit one, two or all three definitions Bronsted definition– Acids are proton DONORS -Similar to Arrhenius definition, but there must be another substance for the acid to give the proton to. HCl (g) + H 2 O (l) --> H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq)

5. Acid Definitions An acid may fit one, two or all three definitions Lewis definition– Acids are electron pair acceptors -The acid might not even have a hydrogen in it +  Accepts an e- pair from NH 3

6. Strong Acid: -Ionizes nearly 100% Examples to memorize: -HCl (hydrochloric acid) -H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) when losing the first proton HCl --> H + + Cl - H 2 SO 4 --> H + + HSO 4 -

7. Weak Acid: -Ionizes less than 100% -Lots of the unionized acid will remain Examples to memorize: -HF (hydrofluoric acid) -HCH 3 COO / CH 3 COOH (acetic acid) HF H + + F - REMEMBER – STRONG/ WEAK DOES NOT RELATE TO DANGER LEVEL!! One of the characteristics of HF exposure to skin is pain out of proportion to appearance of the burn. This is thought to be due to the fluoride anion binding to Ca2+ ions in the tissue which causes an efflux of potassium which stimulates nerve endings.

8. Classifying Acids Monoprotic – 1 proton to lose ex - HCl Polyprotic – More than 1 proton to lose Diprotic – 2 protons to lose ex – H 2 SO 4 Triprotic – 3 protons to lose ex – H 3 PO 4 (phosphoric acid)

9. Acid Structure and Naming Binary Acids – H and one other atom example – HF, HI, HCl Naming – Hydro --- ic acid example – hydrofluoric acid hydroiodic acid hydrochloric acid KNOW ALL OF THESE!!

10. Oxyacids – Have oxygen -Come from the eight -ates ION NAMEACID NAME 2 LESS OHYPO – ITEHYPO - OUS ACID 1 LESS OITE - OUS ACID MEMORIZEDATE - IC ACID 1 MORE OPER – ATEPER - IC ACID Examples: FROM SULFATE (SO 4 -2 ) H 2 SO 2 H 2 SO 3 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 5 Hyposulfurous Acid Sulfurous Acid Sulfuric Acid Persulfuric Acid

11. **Know the acids from sulfate, nitrate, chlorate, phosphate!! (Honors must know ALL of them) *Some Other Common Acids to Know: Acetic Sulfurous Perchloric

12. Bases General Properties of Bases: -Bases have a bitter taste (soap) -Dilute aqueous solutions feel slippery (soap) -Bases change the color of indicators -Bases react with acids to produce salts and water HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2 O -Bases are electrolytes

13. Base Definitions A base may fit one, two or all three definitions Traditional definition (Arrhenius) – A base contains Hydroxide ion(s) and gives them up when in water KOH (s) ---> K + (aq) + OH - (aq) H2OH2O

14. Base Definitions An acid may fit one, two or all three definitions Bronsted definition– Bases are proton ACCEPTORS HCl (g) + H 2 O (l) --> H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq) BASE

15. Base Definitions An acid may fit one, two or all three definitions Lewis definition– Bases are electron pair donators +  Donates an e- pair to the BF 3

16. Neutralization Reactions Stoichiometry of Acid – Base Neutralization Reactions Acid + Base -> Water + A Salt (an ionic compound) Examples:

17. Weak Base: -Ionizes less than 100% -Lots of the unionized base will remain Example to memorize: -NH 3 (ammonia)

18. Strong Base: -Ionizes almost 100% Examples to memorize: -Group 1 metal hydroxides (NaOH, KOH, etc.) REMEMBER – STRONG/ WEAK DOES NOT RELATE TO DANGER LEVEL!!

19. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases HCl + H 2 O  H 3 O + + Cl - AcidBase Conjugate – The “leftover” after acid + base combine Conjugate Base – The left over after an ACID loses its Hydrogen ion Conjugate Base Conjugate Acid – The left over after a BASE gains its Hydrogen ion Conjugate Acid Another Example: NH 3 + H 2 O  NH 4 + + OH -

20. Know: Strong Acids: -Hydrochloric -Sulfuric (1 st H+ only) Weak Acids: -Hydrofluoric -Acetic *The weaker the acid, the stronger the conjugate base* Relative Strength of Acids and Bases

21. Know: Strong Bases: -Metal hydroxides Weak Bases: -Ammonia *The weaker the base, the stronger the conjugate acid* Relative Strength of Acids and Bases Example – Which is the stronger conjugate base – acetate or chloride??

22. 15.4 – Oxides, Hydroxides, Acids Metal oxide + Water  Base Ex – Na 2 O + H 2 O  2NaOH Nonmetal oxide + Water  Acid Ex – SO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 SO 3 SO 3 + H 2 O  H 2 SO 4

23. Reactions of Acids and Bases 1.Acids react with many metals to form Hydrogen gas 2.Acids react with metal oxides 3.Acids react with carbonates to form carbon dioxide gas 4.Hydroxides react with nonmetal oxides 5.Metal oxides react with nonmetal oxides