Nov 13 th Hand in interview summary and discuss Response Paper #5 Lecture 8: Global Inequality & population: The Growth of Slums Homework:  Read Planet Slums Chp 6

Lecture Eight Global Inequality, Population, and Urbanization

Review According to World Systems Analysis how can we understand global inequality?  Historical relationships  Integration into the global economy  Whose rules? Why do the most economically developed nations in the global systems have an interest in maintaining global inequality?  The development of the global slums are one of the consequences of policies and choices of the last 50 years…

Adding More People to the Planet The world have 6.4 billion inhabitants today  Only 1.5 billion people a century ago Expected to add 3 billion more in the next 50 years Highest population densities in:  India, population 1.1 billion,  China, population 1.3 billion,  Indonesia, population 220 million,  and central Europe, population 630 million.

Growth Rates

Population Density

Urbanization Historically urbanization coincided with industrialization, by encouraging the movement of people from the countryside the city Experts predict that by 2030, over 60 percent of the population will be urban  Today urbanization is growing fastest in poor and developing countries where the demand for clean water, sewage systems, and electricity already outstrips supplies.  Mexico City, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta

Growing Urban Population

Growing Megacities Megacities: cities linked to the global economy and with huge urban populations Higher population growth in these cities  Higher birth rates Internal Migration due the economic globalization  Farmers forced of the land – like Jamaica  More pressure on natural resources

Growth of the “Slums” The number of people living in slums will double to two billion by 2030  More than 1 billion people live in slums today  Sub-Saharan Africa is hardest hit: % urban dwellers in slums What make a slum?  Lack of durable housing  Insufficient living area  Lack of access to clean water  Inadequate sanitation  Insecure tenure

Where are the Slums?

30 biggest Mega-Slums The circles' size and color indicate the number of inhabitants in millions

Slum in Mumbai, India

Living in the Slums Slum dwellers make up 1/3 of the worlds urban population Slum characteristics vary from place to place, but in general:  Higher poverty and unemployment  Social problems such as drugs and crime  Informal economy  Poor health

Slum Ecology: Human Waste 2.6 billion people have no access to a toilet whatsoever, and that includes a latrine, a bucket or a box. “Every day, around the world, illnesses related to water supply, waste disposal, and garbage kill thirty thousand people and constitute 75 percent of the illnesses that afflict humanity.” UNICEF estimates that up to 80 percent of deaths from preventable diseases (apart from HIV/AIDS) arise from poor sanitation  Diarrhea is the second killer of children

Waste in Luanda, Angola

Ineqaulity in Angola Angola is currently see a significant income from oil revenue  1.4 million barrels of crude pumped every day The economy grew by 18 percent last year with a budget surplus of more than $2 billion

Children are at the greatest risk

What forces play a role in the development of urban slums?

Nation-State Building From 1945 to 1981 over 105 NEW Nation-states became members of the UN UN declared citizens’ rights to the social contract: Everyone “is entitled to realization through national effort, and international co-operation…to the economic, social, and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and free development of his personality.”

Development Project Global political institutions emerged after WWII  World Bank & IMF & GATT  Led by US and European States  Western as a model: economic & political Goals:  Expand imports of Global North Tech & exports of Global South Products  Shift the rural population into urban areas to create producers and consumers  Reform the slums thru “self-help” loans (pg 70)

Third World Debt During the 1970’s countries took on a large amount of debt for development programs, including urban housing development 1980’s called the “Lost Decade” for developing countries as the sunk into debt The world's poorest countries pay over $100 million every day to the richest countries, private banks, and the IMF/WB  The poorest 152 countries owe over $ 2.5 trillion.

Structural Adjustment Programs SAPs: economic policies which countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and IMF loans 1. Reduce public spending 1. Health care, education, food subsidies 2. Decrease wages and focus on “cheap labor” 1. Specialization 3. Breakdown global trade barriers 1. Export and import

SAPing Health In Mexico: a 1986 SAP reduced the percentage of births attended by medical personnel to 45 percent in 1988 from 94 percent in 1983, while maternal mortality soared from 82 per 100,000 in 1980 to 150 in In Ghana, “adjustment” led to an 80 percent decrease in spending on health and education between 1975 and 1983  exodus of half of the nation’s doctors One economist blamed an outbreak of bubonic plague in Surat in 1994 upon “a worsening urban sanitation and public health infrastructure: resulting from a 1991 IMF/World Bank-sponsored SAP.

The Debt Crisis: Human Crisis "I encourage … total debt cancellation for poor countries because, frankly, it is a scandal that we are forced to choose between basic health and education for our people and repaying historical debt." -- President Mkapa of Tanzania, 2005

Globalization Project Extra-state regulation: international political institutions regulate the global economy  IMF and WB – new roles  World Trade Organization “Participation in the global economy”  Growth based on comparative advantage and specialization  Organized by corporations

Power Elite Power Elite: individuals who occupy positions of power in leading social institutions and make decisions that have the greatest impact on people nationally  Business interests come first Are we seeing the emergence of a global power elite?  Representatives from countries occupy positions power in leading global institutions

A Global Power Elite? Transnational Political Organizations: politics w/out borders  World Trade Organization (WTO)  International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Transnational Corporations: business w/out borders  Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries International business interests take priority in shaping the policy of the IMF, WB, and WTO

Global Politics and Development “Sovereign” nation-states are now being regulated by extra-state political organizations such as the IMF, World Bank, and WTO Deterioration of foundation of democracy in nation-states – the state-citizen relationship

Bechtel, Bolivia, & Water As part of a SAP, the WB and IMF forced Bolivia to sell publicly owned companies to corporations  Boliva sold its water system to Bechtel Corporation Significant price increases for water caused protests, riots, and fatalities  Bechtel was forced to leave Bechtel sued Bolivia for $25 million through the WB in closed-door proceedings  Dropped case in 2006