1. Chapter 9 - AP Human Geography
Development
Chapter 9 - AP Human Geography

2. Human Development Index (HDI)
The UN’s HDI bases the level of development on:
decent standard of living
long and healthy life
access to knowledge
Countries are grouped into 4 classes ranging from developed to developing.

3. Economic Indicators
Economic indicators for determining development include:
GNI
GDP
PPP
Poverty Rates

4. Sociodemographic Indicators
Socioeconomic indicators include:
Infant Mortality Rate
Access to skilled health personnel
Access to education

5. Environmental Indicators
Includes access to safe drinking water

6. Gender Equality Index
The UN created the Gender Inequality Index (GII) based on the following:
Empowerment
Labor Force
Reproductive Health
UN claims that gender inequality has declined in nearly every country since the 1990s.

7. OECD Members
Thirty countries belong to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED)
The countries are mostly very wealthy and industrialized

8. Measuring and Mapping Income Inequality
Lorenz curves disclose income inequality within countries, showing the relationship between a country’s income and population.
The Gini coefficient shows income inequality. It is computed from the area between the line of equal income distribution and a country’s Lorenz curve.

9. Income Distribution Factors affecting income distribution Individual
Social
Policy Related
Historical
Globalization and income distribution
Trickle-down theory
The theory of the widening gap between the rich and poor

10. Energy Supply and Demand
Development is based on availability of abundant low-cost energy.
5/6 of the world’s energy needs are supplied by fossil fuels.
Developed countries consume 1/2 of the world’s energy
Earth’s energy resources are distributed unevenly

11. Energy Resources Two types of energy reserves exist: Proven Reserves
Potential Reserves

12. Energy Sources
OPEC formed in 1960 to gain more control over their resource.
Prices are set by governments possessing oil reserves instead of petroleum companies.
In general, higher pries of petroleum caused consumption to decrease.

13. Alternative Energy Sources
Nuclear energy is considered an alternative energy source.
It supplies 14% of the world’s electricity.
The use of nuclear energy presents challenges:
Radioactive waste is lethal.
Uranium is a nonrenewable source.
It comes at a high cost.

14. Alternative Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources include hydroelectric power, biomass energy, wind energy, and solar energy.
Wind power energy has a minimal impact on the environment and has a greater potential for increased use.
The ultimate renewable resource is solar energy. The potential growth is limitless.

15. Development Theory
Developing countries need to increase per capita GNI while improving social and economic conditions.
They can choose either self-sufficiency or international trade to promote development.

16. Self-Sufficiency Path
Self-Sufficiency Path Key Elements
Limit import of goods
Businesses don’t have to compete with international corporations
Investment spread equally
Minimized discrepancies in wages
Challenges to this Path
Protection of inefficient businesses
Need for large bureaucracy

17. Rostow’s Model of Development
International Trade Path
Transform a country with a traditional or premodern socioeconomic system into one with a highly modern society and economy
Challenges to this path
Uneven resource distribution
Increased dependence on developed countries
Market decline

18. Dependency Theory
Dependency can develop through imperial dominance or financial-technological dominance

19. Wallerstein’s World-System Theory
Capitalism led to an international division of labor between core states, peripheral regions, semi- peripheral regions

20. Neoliberal Model of Development
Capitalism can drive development if their are appropriate reforms in place.

21. Poverty-Reduction Theory
Poverty-reduction theory has been the focal point of present development theory since 1999
It’s often advanced by the World Bank and IMF
Poverty-reduction strategies have been developed in concert with the Millennium Development Goals
These goals were developed by the UN

22. International Trade Approach
Most countries have embraced the international trade approach since the late 20th century

23. Closing the Gap
Progress in reducing the gap in the level of development varies based on the variable
Infant mortality gap has narrowed
Life expectancy cap hasn’t narrowed
Gap in wealth has widened

24. Financing Development
Financing comes from direct investments by transnational corporations or loans from banks and international organizations
Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) is investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
The major lenders to developing countries are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

25. Financing Challenges Developing countries
The IMF, World Bank, and developed countries fear that granting, canceling, or refinancing debts create bad habits in developing countries
Developed countries
The heart of global economic crisis in developed countries was the poor condition of banks and other financial institutions
Bad loans were especially widespread in housing