SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Future of the Pacific Liner Trades U.S. Flag Perspective John D. Selleck Director, Strategic Development Matson Navigation Company

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Future of the Pacific Liner Trades U.S. Flag Perspective John D. Selleck Economist Disclaimer: “The views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of the Matson Navigation Company”

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Future of the Pacific Liner Trades Is the U.S. flag relevant?

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Excellent Source for Maritime Statistics:

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Source: www. coltoncompany.com (Data from MARAD)

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Source: www. coltoncompany.com (Data from Lloyd’s)

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Reasons to Operate U.S. Flag Ships in Foreign Service Indirectly subsidized by preference cargo –Westbound cargos (Trans-Pacific backhaul) Directly subsidized by the U.S. government –MSP

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 U.S. Flag Pacific Markets and Operators Commercial Hawaii—Matson, Horizon, various barge operators Alaska—TOTE, Horizon, various barge operators Guam—Matson, Horizon Military Japan—NOL, Maersk Okinawa—NOL, Maersk Korea—NOL, Maersk Kwajalein—Matson Other—NOL, Maersk

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 U.S. Flag Fleet Engaged Exclusively in Foreign Trade 58 U.S. flag cargo ships* –Of which 46 (79%) are containerships of which 40 (87%) are owned by two companies: NOL and Maersk 47 MSP Slots –13 more slots to be added, but 5 for tankers –However, military wants more militarily useful ships (ro/ro, heavy lift, self-sustaining, tankers… not large containerships). Prediction: –Future rationalization of U.S. flag container vessels carrying preference cargos with MSP. –Whatever the future of the MSP program, the U.S. flag will remain a relatively small niche. * Source: www. coltoncompany.com (data from Lloyd’s)

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 U.S. Flag Domestic Fleet Engaged in Foreign Trade (Trans-Pacific) 8 container ships built with CDS Prohibited from purely domestic service All call Guam, or Hawaii and Guam All carry eastbound freight from Asia Last Horizon Lines ship turns 25 in 2005 Last Matson ship turns 25 in 2007 Highest and best use—purely domestic service –Foreign-built, U.S. flag ships can be used to Guam –Fewer ships needed for domestic service –Cost of new ships

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 New Jones Act Ships 2003 MV Manukai CV2600 – $110 Million

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 New Jones Act Ships 2003 MV Midnight Sun Orca Class Ro/Ro – $170 Million

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Relevance of the Future of the Pacific Liner Trade to U.S Domestic Trades and Vice-Versa Increasing size of post-Panamax ships opens-up opportunity for U.S. feeder services –Matson, Columbia Coastal Increased road/rail congestion has prompted MarAd to pursue the Short Sea Shipping Initiative –2 nd Annual MarAd Conference is next month As more of U.S. commerce is international trade (90% of which is shipped by sea) and arrives at a seaport, it is more feasible for that freight to continue on to domestic points via ocean

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Market Factors Affecting U.S. Domestic Operators: Matson’s Experience Two Markets: Domestic Market Differs from International Feeder Requirements Shippers want frequency –Favors smaller ships Transit times are critical –Barges not competitive over long distances Coastwise services need cooperation of trucking companies Pricing based on avoided cost Costs largely determined by international trade Specialized equipment needs –Reefers, flat racks –53’ containers

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 Cost Factors Affecting U.S. Domestic Operators U.S. Ship building costs are relatively HIGH Crew costs are relatively HIGH Stevedoring costs (and time) are relatively HIGH Environmental concerns are relatively HIGH Comparative Advantage In: Fuel (speed) Technology

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 U.S. Domestic Trades Potential Developments Increased use of larger boxes Ro/Ro Increased automation for cargo handling? Fast ships? Faster tugs/barges? Exclusively domestic ports? Special manning/stevedoring rates? Low-cost building (through automation?) Government subsidies? Other???

SNAME World Maritime Technology Conference 2003 U.S. Domestic Trades—Past and Future (?) Incubator for Innovation Matson’s first fully containerized vessel, the SS Hawaiian Citizen in 1958 Innovations developed for, and perfected in, the U.S. domestic trades can be introduced to the foreign trades