1 Profiling Floats - Basic Operation

2 How a Float Works: A hydraulic pump transfers mass (oil) between the inside and outside of the instrument.

3 Location/Month (2007)XBT plus CTD Profiles Argo Profiles Global/July1,6768,712 Global/December1,6918,787 Southern Hemisphere/July (Austral Winter) 2584,280 Southern Hemisphere/December (Austral Summer) 7434,351 Including and South of 30º S (July)322,076 Including and South of 30º S (December)4822,232 Profile Data at the Coriolis (France) Data Center

4 July 2007December 2007 Profiles at Coriolis (March 2008) (XBT + CTD) – 32 Argo Argo (XBT + CTD) – 482

5 Presently, 3 Types of Floats are in Widespread Use APEX SOLO (cutaway) Argos antenna Cowling (bladder inside) SeaBird CTD unit

6 Active Argo Floats as of 31 August 2008

7 Growth of the Argo Array - I

8 Growth of the Argo Array - II

9 Distribution of U.S. Argo Data to the GTS

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11 1 D-cell  50kJ  2.5Mb Energy Consumption Rate vs File Size File Size (kb) Consumption rate (J/kb) Iridium 20 J/kb Orbcomm 500 J/kb Argos (1-way) 5000 J/kb

12 $ Consumption Rate vs File Size File Size (kb) Consumption rate ($/kb)

13 Satcom Systems Available to Buoy Operators Inmarsat D+ PagerGEO < 1 kbyte/day GOES, Meteosat MessagingGEO < 5 kbyte/day ArgosMessagingLEO Inmarsat C MessagingGEO < 10 kbyte/day OrbcommMessagingLEO < 50 kbyte/day IridiumVoice/Data/Messaging Big LEO 1 Mbyte/hr

14 University of Washington Seaglider

15 Iridium Controlled; 377 dives some to 1,200 meters Glider was redirected and recovered by small vessel

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17 DBCP Iridium Pilot Project

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20 Iridium Communications “Mai-tai” Iridium and GPS patch antenna configuration “Standard” Iridium and GPS patch antenna configuration

21 30 day SSS retrieval bias 30 day SSS retrieval error standard deviation Note degradation in high latitudes, especially southern ocean Aquarius SSS Retrieval Simulation Mean and Standard Deviation Errors

22 Prototype SeaBird surface salinity sensor (first deployment first-half of 2007)

23 CTD sensors SBE O 2 sensor Optode sensor The endcap of UW float 0035 is equipped with both SBE and Optode O 2 sensors. [note: requires APF9 controller] Comparing SBE and Optode O 2 sensors….

24 Hydrophone We have added an ARG (a broad band hydrophone and electronics) to several profiling floats, including UW Argo float A float should provide a much quieter platform for acoustic measurements than a mooring.

25 H 2H A float drifting at a depth H receives acoustic energy from a cone of height H and diameter 2H above it

26 UW Argo float 0006 (WMO ID ), with an ARG installed, was deployed 9/22/2004 in the Bay of Bengal. The ARG performed well through 12/2005.

27 Wind speed and rainfall rate as measured by float 0006 at intervals of 3 hours, 9/04 – 12/05. Rainfall occurs as discrete events WIND SPEED RAIN RATE SW monsoon (wet)NE monsoon (dry) SW monsoon (wet)

28 E/M Iridium Float

29 E/M + iridium…. [deployed near Hurricane Frances, 8/31/04] hurricane

30 Tsunami Warning System Buoy

Current Hardware Daytona Modem I.~7.7” x 3.25” x 1.54” II.~1.5 pounds III.$ Talladega Modem (SBD-only) I.~4.2” x 2.2” x 0.5” II.~0.3 pounds III.$350 – $450 Daytona Modem (Single Board-Level) I.~6.2” x 2.1” x 0.4” II.~0.30 pounds III.$1000 – $1200 Part of audio circuit is removed Talladega Modem (Single Board-Level) I.~4.0” x 2.0” x 0.3” II.~0.1 pounds III.$350 – $450

Airtime Cost* *Cost can vary widely among service providers. Need to “shop” for good rates. Dial-up Data I.Monthly fee ranging from $14 to $30 II.Airtime ranging from $0.92 to $1.50 per minute III.Activation fee of ~$30 Short Burst Data I.Standard Plan Monthly fee ranging $13 to $30 Per byte cost ranging from $ per byte to $0.01 per byte No activation fee II.Fixed-cost Plan Monthly fee ranging from $16 to $40 First 12,000 bytes are free After 12,000 bytes: per byte costs ranging from $ to $.01 per byte Activation Fee: $40 Monthly Fee while IMEI is suspended: $16 For RUDICS I.Monthly Fee ranging from $14 to $30 II.Airtime costs ranging from $0.64 to $1.50 per minute III.One-time setup fee ranging from $2,500 to $10,500

33 Telecommunications Cost Estimates (55,000 profiles per year)  2001 Proposal: $20/profile = $1,100,000/year  Under the present Argos Joint Tariff Agreement: ~$14/profile = $770,000/year  Argos, U.S. Special rate (54,000 profile cap): $375,000/year = ~$6.80/profile  Iridium SBD Flat Fee: ~$4.25/profile = $235,000/year (assumes 20% volume discount and < 12 Kbytes/3 profiles/month)  Iridium RUDICS: $6.80 per profile (500 pressure levels) = $375,000 per year; $7.87 per profile (2 db) = $433,000 per year; One-time, set-up costs  Iridium Modem-to-Modem: $9.20 per profile (2 db) = $506,000 per year

Near-Future Developmental Effort Relatively Broad-Band Solution I.Bandwidth will be somewhere between 64 kbits/sec and 128 kbits/sec II.Modem will be slightly larger than existing Daytona modem shown below III.Use existing omni-directional antennas (quad-helix or micro-strip) IV.Use existing network infrastructure (space vehicles, ground gateway, etc.) V.Expected availability of around 4 th quarter of 2008 VI.Rates are not yet established

35 Antarctic Program Usage

36 Iridium NEXT  Planning continues to replace current constellation  Launching around 2013  Completion by 2016  Backward compatible for existing customers, but will introduce new products too  Improving data speeds, subscriber technology, core technology improvements  Maintaining our unique attributes -- global coverage, security, availability, LEO architecture  New business opportunities with secondary payloads  New partnerships being discussed with commercial entities and governments  Exciting new applications and revenue streams

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39 New INX Communications Services Core Voice and Data Services High Speed Data Services Private Network Gateways Wide Area Broadcast Services I.Flexible delivery of bandwidth II.From existing 2.4 kbps to 1.5 Mbps III.Voice and data IV.L-Band service V.Backward compatibility I.Up to 10 Mbps to a portable terminal II. Up to 30 Mbps to a transportable terminal III.Ka-Band service I.Dedicated gateway II.Private Network on Iridium system III.Subscriber group “homed” to private Gateway I.Two broadcast channels II.Dedicated continuous global broadcast channel III.Demand assigned channels for location specific data broadcast

40 Commercial Investment in New Services Netted Radio Service Push to talk nets Unlimited nets Next door or world-wide Mobile Broadband Service Up to 153 kbps service Unique utilization of current architecture Gives maritime market new high speed communication service Short Burst Data Modem Service Internet connected modem Small form factor, low-power device Gives global small message services Uses include text messaging, tracking and locating, sensor data, container security and automotive telematics Transportable Broadband Service Up to 1.5 Mbps service Transportable ground terminal Ka-band antenna Unique utilization of current architecture

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