1 Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology  Form and Function  Anatomy is the study of what and where  Physiology is the study of how and why

2 Anatomy - The Study of Form  Observation of surface structure  Cadaver dissection cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships  Comparative anatomy study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends

3  Physical examination palpation, auscultation, percussion palpation, auscultation, percussion  Gross anatomy visible with naked eye visible with naked eye  Histology examination of cells with microscope examination of cells with microscope Anatomy - The Study of Form 2

4 Physiology - The Study of Function  Study of bodily functions using methods of experimental science using methods of experimental science  Comparative physiology study of different species study of different species  Basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

5 Hierarchy of complexity  organism is composed of organ systems  organ systems composed of organs  organs composed of tissues  tissues composed of cells

6 Hierarchy of Complexity 2  Cells contain organelles  Organelles composed of molecules  Molecules composed of atoms

7 Anatomical Variation  No 2 humans are exactly alike variable number of organs variable number of organs variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus) variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)

8 Characteristics of Life  Organization  Cellular composition  Metabolism and excretion  Responsiveness and movement  Homeostasis  Development  Reproduction

9 Mechanisms we use to maintain life  Negative feedback  Positive feedback  These cycles are in constant motion  When we loose control we encounter dis-ease and even death dis-ease and even death

10 Negative Feedback Loop  Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

11 Negative Feedback, Set Point  Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees

12 Human Thermoregulation  Brain senses change in blood temperature if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

13 Control of Blood Pressure  Circulatory stretch receptors detect a rise in BP detect a rise in BP  Cardiac center in brainstem sends out nerve signals sends out nerve signals  Heart slowed and BP lowered

14 Structure of Feedback Loop  Receptor = senses change  Integrator = control center that responds  Effector = structures that restore homeostasis

15 Positive Feedback Loops  Self-amplifying change leads to change in the same direction leads to change in the same direction  Normal way of producing rapid changes occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

16 Life-Threatening Fever  Temperature > 108 degrees F increases metabolic rate increases metabolic rate body produces heat even faster body produces heat even faster  Cycle continues to reinforce itself  Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F

17 Anatomical Terminology  Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots  Naming confusion during the Renaissance same structures with different names same structures with different names structures named after people structures named after people  Search for uniform international terminology 1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms 1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms each structure = unique Latin nameeach structure = unique Latin name Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998 Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998

18 Analyzing Medical Terms  Terminology based on word elements  Scientific terms Root word Root word Combining vowels Combining vowels Prefix Prefix Suffix Suffix

19 Useful Tables in Textbook

20 Review of Major Themes  Cell theory activity of cells determine structure and function activity of cells determine structure and function  Homeostasis maintaining stable internal conditions maintaining stable internal conditions  Hierarchy of structure levels of complexity levels of complexity  Unity of form and function physiology is inseparable from anatomy physiology is inseparable from anatomy