18.3 Building the Tree of Life

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Classification Week 14-A.
Advertisements

Kingdoms.
Ch 18- Classification Why do biologists organize living organisms into groups that have biological meaning? Study the diversity of life Use classification.
Chapter 18 Classification
Kingdoms and Domains 18.3.
Chapter 18 – Classification
Classification Ch. 18 (Part 2). The Domain System Molecular analyses have given rise to the new larger category called the Domain. The three-domain system.
Objectives 18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Classification Chapter 18.
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Kingdoms and Domains By: Brittnie, Candelaria, Kevin, and John.
End Show Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-3 Kingdoms and Domains.
Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
Classification Chapter Taxonomy Process of classifying organisms and giving each a universally accepted name Process of classifying organisms.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Kingdoms and Domains Section 18–3
DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS CHAPTER THINK ABOUT IT The process of identifying and naming all known organisms, both living and extinct, is a huge first.
18.1 Finding Order in Diversity. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical.
Kingdoms and Domains Biology 112. Outcomes:  The student will be expected to:  Develop a list of characteristics shared by living things  Identify.
Warm Up b How many domains are there? b What are they (try your best here) b How many kingdoms do you think there are? b What are they? (try your best.
1 Chapter 18- Classification. 2 I. Finding order in Diversity A. Why classify? 1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system.
6 Kingdoms Objective 4.01: Similarities & differences among the kingdoms.
Finding Order in Diversity.  Scientist have named about 1.5 million species  However, it is estimated that there still are million additional.
18-3 Kingdoms and Domains. The Tree of Life Evolves  Organisms originally grouped as either plant or animal  Scientists realized that bacteria, protists.
Introduction to Taxonomy. Why Classify? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical.
Introduction to Taxonomy
Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
Section 18-3: Building the Tree of Life.  In Linneaus’s time organisms were either plants or animals  Animals moved from place to place, used food 
1 FINDING ORDER IN DIVERSITY OBJECTIVES: 18.1 Explain how living things are organized for study for study. Describe binomial nomenclature. Explain Linnaeus’s.
End Show Slide 1 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
SC.912.L.15.6 Javier Moreira Period.2. Domain A Domain is a larger more inclusive category than a kingdom. There are three different types of domains.
End Show Slide 1 of 28 Biology Mr. Karns Classification New System.
Interpret Tables Which domain has just one type of RNA polymerase
Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Building the Tree of Life Lesson Overview 18.3 Building the Tree of Life The process of identifying and naming all known.
Nomenclature & The Tree of Life. Systematics Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the.
Lesson Overview Lesson Overview Building the Tree of Life Lesson Overview 18.3 Building the Tree of Life.
Mystery Organisms Bellwork: Friday March 6, 2015 Get ½ sheet chart and use your notes to fill it in.
D OMAINS AND K INGDOMS. More inclusive than Kingdoms Based on molecular (DNA) analysis ◦ Organisms grouped based on how long they have been evolving independently.
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kingdoms.
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Kingdoms & Domains Chapter 18-3
Overview of Classification 2
6 Kingdoms p
Bellwork: What are the six kingdoms of life
Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3
Building the Tree of Life (Ch 18.3)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
KINGDOMS & DOMAINS 5/16/07.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Kingdom Diversity.
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Kingdoms and Domains.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Mystery Organisms Bellwork: Friday March 21, 2017 Get ½ sheet chart and use your notes to fill it in.
Presentation transcript:

18.3 Building the Tree of Life

THINK ABOUT IT The process of identifying and naming all known organisms, both living and extinct, is a huge first step toward the goal of systematics. The real challenge, however, is to group everything—from bacteria to dinosaurs to blue whales—in a way that reflects their evolutionary relationships. Over the years, new information and new ways of studying organisms have produced major changes in Linnaeus’s original scheme for organizing living things.

Changing Ideas About Kingdoms During Linnaeus’s time, living things were classified as either animals or as plants. As biologists learned more about the natural world, they realized that Linnaeus’s two kingdoms—Animalia and Plantae—did not reflect the full diversity of life. Classification systems have changed dramatically since Linnaeus’s time, and hypotheses about relationships among organisms are still changing today as new data are gathered.

Five Kingdoms At first, all microorganisms were placed in their own kingdom, named Protista. Later, yeasts and molds, along with mushrooms, were placed in their own kingdom, Fungi. Later still, scientists realized that bacteria lack the nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts found in other microorganisms. All prokaryotes (bacteria) were placed in yet another new kingdom, Monera. Single-celled eukaryotic organisms remained in the kingdom Protista.

Changing Ideas About Kingdoms

Six Kingdoms By the 1990s, researchers had learned that the organisms in kingdom Monera were actually two genetically and biochemically different groups. The monerans were placed in two kingdoms—Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. There are now six kingdoms.

Three Domains Genetic analysis has revealed that the two main prokaryotic kingdoms are more different from each other, and from eukaryotes, than previously thought. So, biologists established a new taxonomic category—the domain. A domain is a larger, more inclusive category than a kingdom. Under this system, there are three domains—domain Bacteria (corresponding to kingdom Eubacteria), domain Archaea (corresponding to kingdom Archaebacteria), and domain Eukarya (corresponding to kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and kingdom “Protista”).

The Tree of All Life Modern evolutionary classification is a rapidly changing science with the difficult goal of presenting all life on a single evolutionary tree. The tree of life shows current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains.

The Tree of All Life

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Domain Bacteria Members of the domain Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes. Their cells have thick, rigid cell walls that surround a cell membrane. Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan. Some photosynthesize, while others do not. Some need oxygen to survive, while others are killed by oxygen. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The domain Bacteria corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Domain Archaea Members of the domain Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes. They live in extreme environments. Many of these bacteria can survive only in the absence of oxygen. Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan, and their cell membranes contain unusual lipids not found in any other organism. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The domain Archaea corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Domain Eukarya The domain Eukarya consists of organisms that have a nucleus. This domain is organized into four kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The “Protists”: Unicellular Eukaryotes The kingdom Protista has long been viewed by biologists as a “catchall” group of eukaryotes that could not be classified as fungi, plants, or animals. Recent molecular studies and cladistic analyses have shown that the eukaryotes formerly known as “Protista” do not form a single clade. Current cladistic analysis divides these organisms into at least five clades. Since these organisms cannot be properly placed into a single taxon, we refer to them as “protists.”

The “Protists”: Unicellular Eukaryotes Most “protists” are unicellular, but one group, the brown algae, is multicellular. Some “protists” are photosynthetic, while others are heterotrophic. Some display characters that resemble those of fungi, plants, or animals.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fungi  Members of the kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs with cell walls containing chitin. Most fungi feed on dead or decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies. They can be either multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Plantae Members of the kingdom Plantae are multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs. Plants are nonmotile—they cannot move from place to place. Plants have cell walls that contain cellulose. The entire plant kingdom is the sister group to the red algae, which are “protists.” The plant kingdom, therefore, includes the green algae along with mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants, and flowering plants. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Animalia Members of the kingdom Animalia are multicellular and heterotrophic. The cells of animals do not have cell walls. Most animals can move about, at least for some part of their life cycle. There is great diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species exist in nearly every part of the planet. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall