CHAPTER 11 WORLD WAR I

WORLD WAR I BEGINS

CAUSES Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation Germany Serbia Germans are becoming powerful and ethnic Serbs live in Austria-Hungarian Empire that Russia wants to protect

Imperialism Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and markets Germany Germany is competing with France and G. Britian

Militarism Militarism = the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy Germany starts the naval arms race To compete with G. Britain

Alliance System Triple Entente (Allies) = France, Britain, Russia Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -> become Central Powers when Ottoman Empire replaces Italy 1907 – alliances provided a measure of international security because nations did not want to disturb the balance of power

An Assassination Leads to War June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Bosnia Austria declares war on Serbia Russia supports Serbia -> Germany declares war on Russia and then on Russia’s ally (France) Germany invades Belgium -> Britain declares war on Germany and Austria Ethnic rivalries -> Russia wants access to the Mediterranean, Germans want a railway link to the Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Austria are fighting for Bosnia

Type of Warfare Trench Warfare “No man’s land” Schlieffen Plan involves the Germans invading France through Belgium but the Allies stop them in France and both sides dig trenches after both sides struggle to win decisive battles

Americans Question Neutrality Pacifists = war is evil Naturalized citizens had ties to Germany and Ireland Common ancestry and language = ties with Britian Socialists criticized capitalists/imperialist struggle to control markets in China, Africa, M. East Parents did not want children to die Germany portrayed as a bully Americans traded more with Britain and France

The War Hits Home British blockades coast of Germany 750,000 Germans died of starvation Germany responds by sending U-boats to British waters British ship, the Lusitania, is sunk and 128 Americans die U.S. needs Allies to repay debts so they mobilize for war (they need them to win)

The U.S. Declares War Pres. Wilson wins reelection in 1916 by keeping the U.S. out of war He tries to organize a peace agreement Germany announces plan to sink all ships (hostile or neutral) in British waters on sight Zimmermann note = German telegram – Germany will help Mexico recover territory in the U.S. 4 unarmed American merchant ships are sunk Russia replaces repressive monarchy with a democracy -> war of democracies vs. brutal monarchies April 1917 – Congress approves declaration of war

Assignment 1. List the four major causes of the war and explain which one you think was the most significant. 2. Why were America’s ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers? 3. Do you think Germany was right for increasing its U-boat attacks in 1917? 4. Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens, socialists, pacifists, parents 5. Why does the U.S. eventually join the war?

Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance

America Mobilizes Selective Service Act (1917) Men had to register with the govt. and could be randomly selected for military Shipyard workers receive “deferred” classification Parts of ships were assembled at the shipyard -> in one day 95 ships were built Govt. took over commercial and private ships 24 million registered, 2 million reached Europe, 1.5 million fought 13,000 women accept noncombat positions

1. In what way does this photograph show men being turned into soldiers? 2. How do you think military training made these men feel about joining the armed forces? 3. How do you think they would have reacted to the “I Want you” poster?

400,000 African Americans served in the armed forces Segregated units Mostly non-combat units

America Turns the Tide Convoy System > U-boats U.S. Navy sets up 230-mile barrier of mines Only 637 of 2 million Americans die traveling to Europe

Fighting in Europe 2.5 years of fighting in trenches for the Allies The Allies are exhausted and demoralized WHAT DO THEY NEED?

American Expeditionary Force John J. Pershing Infantry men called doughboys Small town boys impressed by Paris

New Weapons Mechanized warfare = machines powered by gasoline or diesel

The War Introduces New Hazards Dysentery Poisonous gas Lack of sleep “Shell shock” ---- (PTSD) Trench foot

American Troops Go on the Offensive Americans stop the Germans 5o miles from Paris Then go on the attack Alvin York – conscientious objector (a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds) turns into war hero -> kills 25 Germans and captures 132

The Collapse of Germany 1918 – Austria – Hungary surrender to the Allies German sailors mutinied Exhausted Armistice – truce – 11/11/1918

The Final Toll 22 million died -> ½ civilians 20 million wounded 10 million became refugees $338 billion = cost of the war U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle -> 62,000 died of disease 200,000 Americans wounded

The United States used the __________ _________ to protect its ships from the German U-boats. The ___________ _____________ ______________ required men to register for ____________ service. Mechanized warfare included _______________ and _____________ .

Assignment Read pp. 388-395 and complete Guided Reading for Ch. 11 Section 3

Assignment Describe how the United States mobilized for the war. Summarize U.S. battlefield successes. Identify the new weapons and the medical problems faced in World War I. Describe U.S. offensives and the end of war. You do not need to copy the questions, but make sure to reference the question in your response. Complete sentences are necessary.

Discussion – Sedition in WWI (Reading Like a Historian) What does patriotism mean to you? Do you think it’s important for people to be patriotic? Is it patriotic or anti-American to criticize the U.S. government?

Central Question Were critics of WWI anti-American?

Public Opinion Was Divided Socialists, Christian pacifists, anarchists, women’s groups, unionists, intellectuals opposed the war War is immoral, war helps the capitalists What about the Zimmerman telegram and sinking of Lusitania?

Wilson – “He kept us out of war” (1916) Unrestricted submarine warfare = American ships are sunk U.S. declares war in 1917 Wilson established the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 = suppressed anti-British, pro-German, anti-war opinions 1,500 people were prosecuted and over 1,000 convicted

Discussion What did President Wilson do to promote nationalism and restrict dissent during WWI? Do you think these were necessary decisions? Why or why not?

Document C Do you think Debs and Schenck broke the law?

Document D What does this ruling say? Do you agree with the ruling?

Section 3: The War at Home

Journal During times of war should the government and/or president be given more power? Why or why not?

Congress Gives Power to Wilson Entire economy has to be focused on the war Power of government is expanded War Industries Board (WIB) is created (1917) Mass production techniques Price controls “gasless Sundays” “lightless nights”

War Economy Hourly wages rise for metal workers Owners of industries make money -> dangerous conditions and child labor -> increase in union membership and strikes National War Labor Board settles disputes between management and labor -> safety inspections, 8-hour work day

Food Administration One day a week was “meatless,” wheatless,” “sweetless”

Selling the War U.S. raises $35 billion Taxes – progressive income tax, higher tax on tobacco, liquor, luxury goods

“The Rape of Belgium” by German soldiers How did this poster encourage Americans to buy liberty bonds?

Committee on Public Information U.S.’s first propaganda agency – biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions Distributed copies of Wilson’s war message 75,000 men serve as “Four-Minute Men”

“Over There” by George Cohan Why do you think this song was used as a marching song? Why did it motivate people to give money for the war effort?

Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase 2 million Americans had been born in Germany Some lost jobs Orchestras did not play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven German-born miner is lynched in Illinois

Dachshunds or “liberty pups”

Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918) $10,000 fine and 20 year prison sentence for interfering with the war effort Newspapers lost mailing privileges Professors fired Unions demanded better working conditions Govt. silenced ideas

African Americans and the War W.E.B. Dubois believed if blacks supported the war their conditions would improve in America Job opportunities and political power in North + racial discrimination and floods in the South lead to the Great Migration -> hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks move to the North African American migrants leads to overcrowding and racial tension in cities

The Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence

Journal Think about the race riots of 1917 and 1919. How do these events relate to race relations today? http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004ALFWQC/ref=dv_dp_ep8 19 left to 12 left 24.30 – 31.30

Women in the War Jobs for women during the war = railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, bricklayers Increased support for their right to vote

The Flu Epidemic Fall of 1918 – affects ¼ of the U.S. pop. Fines and factories are shut down Spreads even faster among soldiers 500,000 Americans die 30 million world wide

Assignment 1. Did the Espionage and Sedition Acts affect freedom of speech? How? 2. Why were union leaders targeted by the government? 3. How did the lives of American women improve during WWI? Govt silenced ideas that challenged its authority Demanded better working conditions even during war crisis Increased support for women’s right to vote

Section 4: Wilson Fights for Peace

Fourteen Points 1. There should be no secret treaties 2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained 3. Tariffs and other economic barriers should be lowered 4. Arms should be reduced 5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples 6-13 = boundary changes for a nation according to ethnicity 14th = League of Nations = international organization that discusses issues rather than going to war

The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan “Big Four” – Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), Orlando (Italy) worked out plan 14th Point is kept Absent: Russia, Central Powers

Debating the Treaty of Versailles New nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia No army for Germany Reparations (war damages) = $33 billion must be given to the Allies War guilt cause = Forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting the war Germany stripped of colonial possessions and land Germany feels humiliated -> leads to WWII

Debating the Treaty of Versailles Too harsh Some Americans did not want the League of Nations to influence American foreign policy U.S. does not join the League