1 Work in the 21 st Century: An Introduction to Industrial- Organizational Psychology by Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte, 1/e Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Industrial-Organizational Psychology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3 Module 1: Fundamentals of I-O Psychology Importance of I-O psychology –Importance of work in people’s lives What is I-O psychology? –SIOP (Division 14 of APA) –Fields of I-O psychology Personnel psychology Organizational psychology Human engineering Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4 Demographics of I-O Psychologists In 2000, I-O psychologists represented about 6% of all APA members In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA were women Average salaries: –Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000 –Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000

5 Where I-O Psychologists are Employed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 1.1 Where I-O Psychologists are Employed. Source: SIOP Survey (2002).

6 SIOP as a Resource –History of I-O psychology –Membership information (incl. students) –Quarterly newspaper: TIP –JobNet –Educational institutions that offer graduate training programs in I-O psychology –List of SIOP publications

7 Important Dates in the Evolution of I-O Psychology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 1.2 Important Dates in the Evolution of I-O Psychology

8 Brief History of I-O Psychology –Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham –World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests –1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to Lillian Gilbreth Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

–Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations –Human relations movement Theories of motivation Emotional world of the worker Studies of job satisfaction –WWII –Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of I-O Psychology (cont'd)

10 Challenges to I-O in 21 st Century I-O psychology needs to be: –Relevant –Useful –Grounded in scientific method Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

11 Module 2: How This Course Can Help You Knowledge about 21 st century workplace –Course will address issues such as work stress, work-family balance, workplace discrimination, & leadership Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

12 Changes in the Workplace Since 1980 Personal computing Telecommuting & virtual teams Videoconferencing Providing a service vs. manufacturing “goods” Nature of work more fluid Teams vs. the individual Little stability Family-friendly workplaces Greater diversity Global workplace Milton Montenegro/Getty Images

13 Preparing for a Career in I-O Psychology Education & training Getting into a graduate program –Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s) –Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics) More emphasis on coursework than major Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

14 Module 3: Multicultural & Cross- Cultural Issues in I-O Psychology Multiculturalism –Culture defined System in which individuals share meaning & common ways of viewing events & objects Sharing of meanings & interpretations Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Royalty-Free/CORBIS

15 Multicultural Nature of Work in the 21 st Century Why should multiculturalism be important to you? Why is multiculturalism important for I-O psychology? –Issues surrounding the global economy, expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality

16 Theory of Cultural Influence Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions Individualism/collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity/femininity Long-term vs. short-term orientation

17 Cultural Differences Among Countries Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 1.3 Cultural Differences among Countries Source: Hofstede, 1993, p.91.

18 Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension of individualism/collectivism –Horizontal cultures – those that minimize distances between individuals –Vertical cultures – accept & depend on distances between individuals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

19 Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Figure 1.4 Triandis’s View of Cultural Determinants in the Workplace

20 Module 4: Themes & Course Structure Themes: A) Unified Science B) Holistic Approach Parts of the book: 1)Introduction 2)Industrial Psychology 3)Organizational Psychology 4)Work Environment Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

21 Module 4 (cont’d) Resources –Paper (I-O Journals/Books) –Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., Case study –Provides example of complexity of work behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

22 Permissions Slide 5: Figure 1.1 adapted from 2002 SIOP Survey. Used by permission of the Society for Industrial & Organizational Psychology. Slide 12: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Milton Montenegro/Getty Images, Source Image ID: AA005305, Filename: SS40056.JPG Slide 14: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Royalty-Free/CORBIS, Source Image ID: DBU2005, Filename: DBU2005.JPG Slide 17: Figure 1.3 from Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive 7, p. 91. Copyright Reprinted by permission of Academy of Management Executive via the Copyright Clearance Center. Slide 19: Figure 1.4 adapted from Triandis, H. C. and Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1997). Cultural theory and the meaning of relatedness. In P. C. Earley and M. Erez (Eds.), New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology, pp San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.