1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-1 Chapter 15 Gender, Diversity, and Cross-Cultural Leadership

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-2 Learning Objectives Understand why cross-cultural research on leadership is important. Understand different types of cross-cultural research. Understand the difficulties of studying cross- cultural leadership. Understand how cultural values are related to beliefs about effective leadership.

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-3 Learning Objectives (Cont.) Understand how cultural values can influence leader behavior. Understand how gender issues have been studied and the limitations of this research. Understand the findings in research on gender differences in leadership. Understand how to manage diversity and provide equal opportunities.

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-4 Introduction to Cross-Cultural Leadership Importance of Cross-Cultural Research Increasing globalization Leaders need to influence people from other cultures Leaders need to understand how others interpret their actions Cultural Influences on Leadership Behavior

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-5 Cross-Cultural Leadership Research: Types and Difficulties Types of Cross-Cultural Studies Methodological Problems Lack of equivalence of meaning for measures Confounding effects Response bias Lack of representative samples Level of analysis problems

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-6 Cross-Cultural Leadership Research: Types and Difficulties (Cont.) Cross-Cultural Research on Behavior Differences Examples of Research on the Effects of Behavior Lowe, 1999 Dorfman and colleagues, 1997 Schaubroech, Lam, and Cha, 2007

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-7 The GLOBE Project Table: Cultural Beliefs about Ideal Leader Attributes

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-8 Cultural Value Dimensions and Leadership Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism (vs. Collectivism) Gender Egalitarianism Performance Orientation Human Orientation

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-9 Table: Globe Culture Clusters

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-10 Evaluation of the Cross-Cultural Research 1. How does actual behavior of leaders differ across cultural value clusters and for different countries? 2. How are leader values and behaviors jointly influenced by personality (and developmental experiences), company culture, and national culture? 3. How useful is the distinction between actual and ideal cultural values for understanding implicit theories of leadership and patterns of leadership behavior?

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-11 Evaluation of the Cross-Cultural Research (Cont.) 4. How difficult is it to change an organization’s cultural values when they are not consistent with the societal values where the organization’s facilities are located? 5. How fast are cultural values changing, and what are the primary determinants of culture changes that are relevant for leadership? 6. What types of leadership traits, skills, and developmental experiences are most useful to prepare someone for a leadership assignment in a different culture?

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-12 Gender and Leadership Sex-Based Discrimination Explanations for the Glass Ceiling Theories of Feminine Advantage Findings in Research on Gender Differences Limitations on Research on Gender Differences Identifying Causes and Reducing Discrimination Summary of Leader Gender Research

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-13 Managing Diversity Table: Guidelines for Managing Diversity

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-14 Managing Diversity (Cont.) Fostering Appreciation and Tolerance Providing Equal Opportunity

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Leadership in Organizations 15-15 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.