Typological & Functional Approaches By Crystal (曾靖雅) Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

2 Approaches to SLA 1 Typological Approach 2 Functional Approach the study of the patterns exhibited in the languages worldwide Functional Approach 2 the study of how language functions (tense/ aspect, which combines verb meanings, morphological form, and phonology) p191 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Typological Universal The study of typological universals stem from work in linguistics by Greenberg (1963). Linguists discover similarities/differences in Lg. Linguists attempt to determine linguistic typologies or what “type” of langauges are possible. If a language has feature X, it will also have feature Y. p191 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

French (7-1) le chien de mon ami the dog of my friend In language with prepositions, the genitive almost always follows the governing noun, while in languages with postpositions it almost precedes the noun. French (7-1) le chien de mon ami the dog of my friend Italian (7-3) il cane di mia madre the dog of my mother p192 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

In languages with postpositions, such as Turkish, what we call prepositions follow the noun, where the morphological markers follow the noun Turkish (7-4) a. deniz = an ocean b. denize = to an ocean c. denizin = of an ocean p192 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Predicted word order the leg of the table English allows not only the predicted order, but also the unpredicted word order. Predicted word order the leg of the table Unpredicted word order my friend’s dog p192 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Languages with dominant verb-subject-object(VSO) order are always preposition. Welsh (7-6) lladdwyd y dyn gan y ddraig. Killed-passive the man by the dragon the man was killed by the dragon. p192 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Interlanguages are natural languages. (Adjemian, 1976, p.298) Interlanguage: the language produced by a nonative speaker of a language (eg. A learner’s output). Refers to the systematic knowledge underlying learners’ production. Natural Langauge: any human language shared by a community of speakers and developed over time by a general process of evolution. p193 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Hindi (7-7) Ram-ne seb kaya. Ram apple ate “Ram ate an apple.” French (7-13) Jean a mange une pomme. Jean has eaten an apple Japanese (7-19) Taroo-ga ringo-o tabeta. Taroo apple ate “Taroo ate an apple.” p193 p194 p194 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Head-initial Language Head-final Language Head = Verb Table 7.1 Word orders Hindi French Japanese English Basic order (V+O) OV VO Aux + Verb V Aux Aux V Preposition + Noun (Postposition) N Post Prep N N + Relative Clause N + RC RC + N Possessive Poss + N N + Poss Both Adj + N N + Adj Head-initial Language Head-final Language Head = Verb p195 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis: All universals that are true for primary languages are also true for interlanguages. (Eckman, Moravcsik, and Wirth, 1989, p.195) There are many ways in which universals can be expected to affect the development of SL grammars: (1) the shape of a learner’s grammar (2) acquisition order (marked form) (3) one of the interacting forces p196 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

7.2.1 Test case1: Accessibitiy Hierarchy (AH) Keenan and Comrie (1977) SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP SU = subject That’s the man who ran away. The girl who came late is my mom. DO = direct object That’s the man I saw yesterday. The girl Kate saw is my sister. IO = Indirect object That’s the man to whom I gave the letter. The girl Whom I wrote a letter to is my sister. OPREP = object of preposition relatives That’s the man I was talking about. The girl whom I sat next to is my sister. GEN = genitive That’s the man whose sister I know. That girl whose father died told me she was sad. OCOMP = object of comparative That’s the man I am taller than. The girl who Kate is smarter than is my sister. p197 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Gass (1979) (1)free compositions (2)sentence combining (3)grammaticality judgments www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy Hyltenstam (1984) Resumptive pronoun (7-25) She danced with the man who [*he] flew to Paris yesterday. (7-26) The woman whom he danced with [her] flew to Paris yesterday. OCOMP > GEN > OPREP > IO > DO > SU p198 www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy 2003, Comire, typology for some East Asian Lgs. 2003, O’Grady, Lee and choo, support AH. 2007, Jeon and Kim, head-external & head-internal relative clauses. 2007, Ozeki and Shirai, introduced another level of complexity. www.themegallery.com Company Logo

7.2.2 Test case II the acquisition of questions Wh- inversion implies wh-fronting (7-28) Whom will you see? S V VS => the question word or phrase is initial. What is your daughter’s name? V S www.themegallery.com Company Logo

7.2.3 Test case III voiced/ voiceless consonants Phonology Speakers of Spanish and Mandarin Chinese learning English. Word-final voiceless sound NL and language universals www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Conclusion The domain of language universals is that of natural languages and not second languages The domain of language universals is that of all linguistic systems – any failure to comply with a putative language universal would then be taken as evidence that description of the universal is incorrect www.themegallery.com Company Logo

How language functions for the communication purposes Functional Approach How language functions for the communication purposes Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis The discourse Hypothesis Concept-oriented approach www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis Learners recognize what morphological markers for verbs 1980s, a more sophisticated approach was taken to the L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. That is “The Aspect Hypothesis.” Punctual/ achievement/ state/ accomplishment verb Target languages generally show: (1) Past/perfective: punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment (2) Imperfective: (durative) punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment (3) Progressive: strong duration or dynamic www.themegallery.com Company Logo

The discourse Hypothesis At the acquisition, not only lexical meaning, but also structure of the discourse in which utterances appear. An investigation of learning English, showing that “will” emerges prior to “going to” as an expression of futurity (1) formal complexity (2) “will” as a lexical marker (3) one-to-one principle. www.themegallery.com Company Logo

Concept-oriented approach This approach is the need to map certain functions that the learner wants to express to the form that she or he needs to express it. www.themegallery.com Company Logo

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