Classification Outline the binomial system of nomenclature List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa Outline the binomial system of nomenclature List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa

Why Classify?  2.5 million species identified so far  Not even close to complete inventory  Need a system to organize species  2.5 million species identified so far  Not even close to complete inventory  Need a system to organize species

What makes a good system?  Assign a universally accepted name to each organism so every scientist knows exactly what is being discussed.  Grouping should have good biological reason so that researchers can expect a group to share important characteristics.  Assign a universally accepted name to each organism so every scientist knows exactly what is being discussed.  Grouping should have good biological reason so that researchers can expect a group to share important characteristics.

Biological Classification  By 18th century needed universal naming system that did away with common names  Solved language issues  Meant that same name was not being used for different organisms  By 18th century needed universal naming system that did away with common names  Solved language issues  Meant that same name was not being used for different organisms

Early Scientific Names  Described physical characteristics of organism  Could be 20 words long  For example: “Oak with deeply divided leaves with no hairs on the underside, and no teeth around their edges.”  Described physical characteristics of organism  Could be 20 words long  For example: “Oak with deeply divided leaves with no hairs on the underside, and no teeth around their edges.”

Binomial Nomenclature  Carolus von Linnaeus  Two-word naming system  Genus  Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized  Species  Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized  Carolus von Linnaeus  Two-word naming system  Genus  Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized  Species  Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized Carolus von Linnaeus ( ) Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for modern taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature  Example: Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red maple -- Acer is the genus name and all maple trees carry this name -- rubrum means “red” and is the species name  Example: Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red maple -- Acer is the genus name and all maple trees carry this name -- rubrum means “red” and is the species name

"Formal" scientific names should have a third part, the authority. The authority is not italicized or underlined. The authority is written as an abbreviation of the last name of the person responsible for naming the organism. "Formal" scientific names should have a third part, the authority. The authority is not italicized or underlined. The authority is written as an abbreviation of the last name of the person responsible for naming the organism.

Authority continued Since Carolus Linnaeus was the first person to name many plants, the L. for Linnaeus is very common in plant scientific names.  An example is Quercus alba L. Since Carolus Linnaeus was the first person to name many plants, the L. for Linnaeus is very common in plant scientific names.  An example is Quercus alba L.

Kingdoms and Domains BacteriaArchaeaEukarya BacteriaArchaeaProtista PlantaeFungi Animalia MoneraProtistaPlantaeFungi Animalia The three-domain system The six-kingdom system The traditional five-kingdom system

Hierarchical Classification  Taxonomic categories  KingdomKing  PhylumPhilip  ClassCame  OrderOver  FamilyFor  GenusGreat  SpeciesSpaghetti  Taxonomic categories  KingdomKing  PhylumPhilip  ClassCame  OrderOver  FamilyFor  GenusGreat  SpeciesSpaghetti

Phylum / Division  Division used in plants, fungi and bacteria kingdoms

Systematics: Evolutionary Classification of Organisms  Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas.  Fossil record  Comparative homologies  Cladistics  Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms  Molecular clocks  Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas.  Fossil record  Comparative homologies  Cladistics  Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms  Molecular clocks

History  Aristotle BC Plants/Animals  Haeckel (1866) Plants/Animals/Protists  Whittaker (1969) Fungi/Plants/Animals/Protists/Monerans  Woese,Kandler, Wheelis (1990) Domain system (Archea, Bacteria, Eucarya)  Aristotle BC Plants/Animals  Haeckel (1866) Plants/Animals/Protists  Whittaker (1969) Fungi/Plants/Animals/Protists/Monerans  Woese,Kandler, Wheelis (1990) Domain system (Archea, Bacteria, Eucarya)

Arisotle’s system  Historia Animalium  Plant classification lost  Heirarchy – humans at top but species unchanging not an evolutionary tree  System persisted with little change until 16 th century  Historia Animalium  Plant classification lost  Heirarchy – humans at top but species unchanging not an evolutionary tree  System persisted with little change until 16 th century

Three Kingdoms  Plants  Animals  Minerals st edition th edition  Plants  Animals  Minerals st edition th edition

Classification of Humans