Tools for Understanding Relationships in Resilience Interventions

Relationship Diagram Resource/Services and Relationship Mapping Rapid Analysis Tools

KEY QUESTIONS: Who are the community stakeholders in the area that affect resilience? What are the relationships between the communities, including dependencies, points of interaction and tension.? How do communities define a good and bad relationship? What type of interactions – social, economic, etc. - are associated with good and bad relationships? How often do community members interact with people from conflicting communities? Relationship Diagram

Draw circles of community stakeholders in the livelihood system Illustrate relationships among actors using a key that identifies the relationships Interview the key to understand more about the relationships

Relationship Diagram: Example

Relationship Diagram Type of Relationship Type of Line Very Bad Relationship Bad Relationship Neutral Relationship Good Relationship Very Good Relationship

Question 1: Ask, “Would you describe the relationship between A and B as very good, good, neutral, bad, or very bad?” Question 2: Ask for all, “Why do you describe the relationship between A and B as good or bad?” What are the reasons for the bad relationship? What are the reasons for the good relationship? Question 3: For all relationships, ask, “In the past 3 months, have there been any interactions between A and B? If so, what kind of interactions?” Question 4: Among communities that have a bad/very bad relationship, do you see any benefit from/need of interacting with these communities? What type of benefits? Why are these important? Question 5: What is required to improve or strengthen the relationships among the communities? Relationship Diagram

Tool 2: Internal Actor Mapping Key Questions: Who are the key actors in each community who both mitigate and aggravate conflict? What are the (perceived) motivations of these actors? Which internal actors have the greatest influence on the conflict? What is needed to stop certain actors from aggravating conflict? What might motivate these actors to become peace promoters?

Tool 2: Internal Actor Mapping Brainstorm a list of internal actors Prioritize 5 key internal Actors Discuss how these actors influence conflict: positively, negatively, or both Ask why/how these actors impact conflict positively or negatively Discuss how powerful is the actor’s impact on the conflict Rank the influence of the different actors relative to each other

Tool 2: Internal Actor Mapping ActorPositive Influence/ Rank Strength of + Influence Negative Influence Strength of - influence/ Rank Actor A -2 to -11 or 2 Actor B Actor C Actor D Actor E

Key Questions: What resources/services does the community use? Where are these resources/services located? What resources/services are used by other communities? Which resource, or service areas are peacefully shared and which are a source of tension? Where are these resources located? Why are certain resources peacefully shared? Why are certain resources a source of tension? How does tension affect resource and market access? What relationships exist between conflict and the location of boundaries, settlements, and livelihoods-related resources? Resource and Relationship Mapping

Ask the community to brainstorm what resources/services exist in their community Develop a map key for the major resources (including roads, mountains, and rivers/lakes) Ask the community to start the map by drawing major landmarks, and then adding additional resources Interview the map: Resource and Relationship Mapping

Key Questions: What resources/services does the community use? Where are these resources/services located? What resources/services are used by other communities? Which resource, or service areas are peacefully shared and which are a source of tension? Where are these resources located? Why are certain resources peacefully shared? Why are certain resources a source of tension? How does tension affect resource and market access? What relationships exist between conflict and the location of boundaries, settlements, and livelihoods-related resources? Resource and Relationship Mapping

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Tool 3: Conflict Timeline Key Questions: What have been the historical periods of conflict between the two conflicting communities? What have been the historical triggering factors of conflict? What contributed to times of peace? What is the current situation relative to the past? What could be the conflict scenario in the near future?

Tool 3: Conflict Timeline Ask participants to identify significant periods in their history Draw a blank timeline representing those periods Beginning with the first period, ask them to identify any major conflicts in that period – Ask them to identify other conflicts that happened in that period? Interview the timeline:

Tool 3: Conflict Timeline What triggered the conflict? What happened during the conflict? What were the consequences of the conflict? Describe the relationships among communities immediately following the conflict? Describe the relationships among communities during times of peace? What contributed to moments of peace?

Exercise 2  Divide into 3 groups  Divide the group into  6 community members;  4-5 facilitators – 2 facilitators, 2 notetakers  2 observers  Community members refer to case study  Facilitators refer to tool guides, and interview community on tool

Discussion Did you learn anything new/ different about the context when implementing the tool? What challenges did you encounter? Where/how do you think this tool would be useful in your context?

Tool 4: Conflict Layers Analysis What are the surface issues in the conflict? What are the underlying causes of the conflict? What are the common needs of the parties involved in the conflict?

Tool 4: Conflict Layers Analysis POSITIONS INTERESTS NEEDS

Tool 4: Conflict Layers Analysis WHAT WE SAY WE WANT WHAT WE REALLY WANT WHAT WE MUST HAVE

Tool 4: Conflict Layers Analysis  Gather information about the conflict context.  Complete the following matrix  Identify areas for further exploration/probing

Tool 4: Conflict Layers Analysis  Positions = surface issues that prevent us from addressing the conflict; are not negotiable  Interests = provide opportunities for negotiation, mediation and finding common ground  Needs = create conditions for building relationships and strengthening peace

Steps in implementing rapid conflict analysis: Broadly identify key issues and stakeholders in the area Identify tools most appropriate to your context Identify key stakeholder groups Identify sub-groups which may have a different opinion Select one facilitator and notetaker Select an appropriate local venue Conduct selected tools with focus groups in each stakeholder community, using each tool at least once with each sub-group in community Conduct rapid write-up of results and conduct debrief with field team

Key Considerations in Conflict Analysis Looking at perceptions, not fact Multiple voices within and among communities Dynamic nature of conflict Position of interviewer on results Impact of conflict analysis on conflict context Selecting tools based on overall context, project design and timeframe

Points for Community and Government Trainings Community Conflict concepts can be introduced by asking communities for visual representations Conflict Sensitivity can be introduced through a drama and visual representation of the case study Conducting tools with community, rather than teaching them the tools can assist in the discussion of CS Government: Do not introduce history/background of CS in part I Conflict Analysis Tools can be acted out based on local conflict context of that area