OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Implementations  Ethernet Networks  Wireless Networks

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethernet Ethernet LAN within a single building

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Switched Ethernet Switched connection utilizes full bandwidth Switched connection utilizes full bandwidth

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethernet Frames 7 bytes1 byte6 bytes 2 bytesn bytes4 bytes Preamble Start-of-Frame Delimiter Destination address Source address Frame typeData Frame Check Sequence

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. MAC Addresses MAC Address: F6-65 OUI Universal LAN MAC Address Universal LAN MAC Address Six bytes

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Networking Standards Networking standards:  Includes set of specifications, guidelines, or characteristics applied to network components.  Determine all aspects of networking.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Standards Organizations Standards Organization Description ISO The largest standards-development body in the world, comprising the national standards institutes of 162 countries. It is a non- governmental Organization issuing voluntary standards in fields from agriculture to textiles. IEEE An organization dedicated to advancing theory and technology in electrical sciences. The standards wing of IEEE issues standards in areas such as electronic communications, circuitry, computer engineering, electromagnetics, and nuclear science. ANSI The national standards institute of the United States that facilitates the formation of a variety of national standards, as well as promoting those standards internationally. TIA and EIA Trade associations accredited by ANSI to develop and jointly issue standards for telecommunications and electronics. IETF An international open committee, consists of working groups, committees, and commercial organizations that work together to develop and maintain Internet standards.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IEEE 802.x Standards IEEE StandardDescription A standard developed to address the need for MAC-sub-layer addressing in bridges. The standard specifies the frame size and transmission rate A standard issued to standardize Ethernet and expand it to include a wide range of cable media. In addition to the media type, also specifies transmission speed and signaling method.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. 100BaseTX The 10Base Standards 10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1000 Mbps 10Base Standard Signal type Speed Media

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Fast Ethernet  An Ethernet technology that can transmit data at speeds of 100 Mbps.  The maximum length of the cable is limited to 250 meters and can use either coaxial cables or optical fibers.  It is used as a backbone network to interconnect several LANs.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Gigabit Ethernet  An Ethernet technology that can transmit data at speeds of 1000 Mbps and primarily uses optical fibers for transmission.  It can be used for distances ranging from 500 to 5000 meters depending on the type of optical fiber used.  The hardware required for Gigabit Ethernet is very expensive when compared with other types of Ethernet.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Ring-Based Networks Token ringFDDI

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. WLANs Wireless connectivity device Wireless connectivity device Client systems

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. WLAN Architecture WLAN Architecture Component Description Station (STA) A device that connects an IEEE conformant MAC interface to a wireless medium with an Ethernet-like driver interface. Access Point (AP) A device or software that facilitates communication and provides enhanced security to wireless devices. It also extends the physical range of a WLAN. Basic Service Set (BSS) The service set defines the way a WLAN is configured. There are three ways to configure a WLAN – BSS, IBSS, and ESS. Extended Service Set (ESS) A configuration of multiple BSSs used to handle mobility on a wireless network. BSSs are connected to a common distribution system such as a wired network. Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) A peer-to-peer network where each wireless station acts as both a client and a wireless AP. Distribution System (DS) A wired connection between a BSS and a premise-wide network that enables mobility to devices and provides Access to available network resources.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Wireless Antennas Wireless TowerDish Antenna

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Wireless Antenna Types Directional Antenna Omni-directional Antenna

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Wireless Antenna Performance Factors Wireless Technology Type Description Infrared The maximum transmitting distance of an infrared wireless installation is affected by these factors:  Bright sunlight  Obstacles  Smoke, dust, or fog Radio The maximum transmitting distance of a radio wireless installation is affected by all of these factors:  Signal characteristics of the antenna  Environmental conditions  Ambient electrical noise  Conductive obstacles in the path  Presence of other electrical equipment  Data transmission rate Microwave The maximum transmitting distance of a microwave wireless installation is affected by these factors:  Signal characteristics of the antenna  Line of sight  Distance between transmitting stations

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. The IEEE Standard  The standard is a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for the wireless LAN technology.  specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base station or between two wireless clients.  defines the access method as CSMA/CA. It specifies spread spectrum radio devices in the 2.4 GHz band for reliability.  The b standard also defines a multichannel roaming mode and automatic data rate selection.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved Modes ModeDescription Infrastructure mode The infrastructure mode utilizes one or more WAPs to connect workstations to the cable backbone. Infrastructure mode wireless networks use either BSS or ESS. Ad-hoc mode The ad-hoc mode, also referred to as IBSS, utilizes a peer-to- peer configuration in which each wireless workstation talks directly to other workstations.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved Beacon Frames  Management frames that are 50 bytes long and used to start and maintain wireless communications.  Contain information about the communication process, such as the SSID, channel number, and security protocol.  Are periodically sent by APs in infrastructure networks, and can be configured to be sent at various intervals.

OV Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflective Questions 1. What are some of the challenges that you might face when implementing a wireless network and how do you plan to overcome these challenges? 2. In your opinion, what is the significance of Ethernet standards on networks today?