1. In The Name Of Allah Whose Blessings Are Uncountable.

2. Introduction to Networks Abdul Hameed Assistant Professor http://informationtechnology.pk http://www.facebook.com/it4all.pk

3. Lecture Overview for Second Session Day 1 Network Terms. Network Models ▫Peer to Peer ▫Client Server ▫Hybrid What is Networking? Communication Media UTP Coaxial Fiber Optic Wireless Media 3 Abdul Hameed

4. Access Points 4 Abdul Hameed Wireless access points (APs or WAPs) are specially configured nodes on wireless local area networks (WLANs). Access points act as a central transmitter and receiver of WLAN radio signals.

5. Backbones 5 Abdul Hameed In computer networking, a backbone is a central medium designed to transfer network traffic at high speeds. Network backbones are designed to maximize the reliability and performance of large-scale, long-distance data communications. The best known network backbones have been those used on the Internet

6. Broadband 6 Abdul Hameed The term broadband refers to any type of transmission technique that carries several data channels over a common wire. DSL service, for example, combines separate voice and data channels over a single telephone line. In DSL, voice fills the low end of the frequency spectrum and data fills the high end.

7. Crossover Cable 7 Abdul Hameed A crossover cable directly connects two network devices of the same type to each other over Ethernet. Ethernet crossover cables are commonly used when temporarily networking two devices in situations where a network router, switch or hub is not present.

8. Client 8 Abdul Hameed Anything in a network that uses resources provided by special machines called Servers Email Clients Data Clients Printing Clients Browsers

9. Ethernet 9 Abdul Hameed Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for LANs. Ethernet was invented by engineer Robert Metcalfe. When first widely deployed in the 1980s, Ethernet supported a maximum theoretical data rate of 10 megabits per second (Mbps). Fast Ethernet increased this data rate to 100 Mbps. Gigabit Ethernet technology further extends up to 1000 Mbps.

10. Server 10 Abdul Hameed A computer or application, that provides a service to client software on other computers. File Server Print Server Email Servers Web Servers Firewall Servers etc

11. Network Model 11 Abdul Hameed Network models are used to define the access of media and arrangement of devices in a network. Peer to Peer Network Client-Server Network Hybrid Networks

12. Network Model: Peer to Peer 12 Abdul Hameed In its simplest form, a peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when two or more PCs are connected and share resources without going through a separate server computer.

13. Network Model: Peer to Peer 13 Abdul Hameed No Dedicated Server No Central Security Example: Torrent Download

14. Network Model: Client-Server 14 Abdul Hameed The term client-server refers to a popular model for computer networking that utilizes client and server devices each designed for specific purposes. The client-server model can be used on the Internet as well as local area networks (LANs). Examples Web browsers, FTP, and DNS.

15. Network Model: Peer to Peer 15 Abdul Hameed

16. Network Model: Client-Server 16 Abdul Hameed Servers are powerful machines Equipped with large storage and computational power Clients are less powerful machines Sometimes Dumb terminals Request server for any resource Complex in nature Cost effective

17. Protocols 17 Abdul Hameed In computing, a protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication.

18. Protocols: Ethernet 18 Abdul Hameed By Far the mostly used protocol Uses an access method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) Used in linear bus, star, or tree topologies Data Transfer Rate is from 10 to 1000 Mbps

19. Protocols: Fast Ethernet 19 Abdul Hameed Fast Ethernet requires the use of different, more expensive network concentrators/hubs and network interface cards Used in linear bus, star, or tree topologies category 5 twisted pair or fiber optic cable is necessary Maximum Data Transfer Rate is 100 Mbps

20. Protocols: Gigabit Ethernet 20 Abdul Hameed Gigabit Ethernet was primarily used for backbones on a network at this time Used in linear bus, star, or tree topologies Now it is used in workstations and servers It can be used with both fiber optic cabling and copper Maximum Data Transfer Rate is 1000 Mbps

21. Protocols: Token Ring 21 Abdul Hameed Developed by IBM in the mid-1980s The access method used involves token-passing A single electronic token moves around the ring from one computer to the next. It can operate at transmission speeds of 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps the use of Token Ring in school environments has decreased.

22. Advance Protocols 22 Abdul Hameed FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface) Used to Connect two LANs to extend its length upto 200 km ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Used in Backbone Networks Frame Relay is a high-performance WAN protocol

23. Network Cabling Standards 23 Abdul Hameed There are two Standards of UTP Cabling These Standard are developed by EIA/TIA (Electronic Industries Association/ Telecommunications Industries Association ) EIA/TIA 568-A EIA/TIA 568-B

24. Network Cabling Standards: EIA/TIA 568-A 24 Abdul Hameed Color Coding is White Green Green White Orange Blue White Blue Orange White Brown Brown

25. Network Cabling Standards: EIA/TIA 568-A 25 Abdul Hameed

26. Network Cabling Standards: EIA/TIA 568-B 26 Abdul Hameed Color Coding is White Orange Orange White Green Blue White Blue Green White Brown Brown

27. Network Cabling Standards: EIA/TIA 568-B 27 Abdul Hameed

28. Network Cabling: Straight Cable 28 Abdul Hameed