Chemistry in 7 Days The basic unit of chemistry is the atom The atom has protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus. Electrons have a negative charge, protons positive, and neutrons are neutral

Add Illustration of atom

Atoms The number of protons and the number of electrons should equal each other, or you have an ion with a charge (+ or -)

Pic of ion

Elements Elements are atoms with the same number of protons. Because they have the same number of protons and electrons they have the same chemical characteristics Isotopes are atoms with differing numbers of neutrons. They are the same chemically

Lab Lab 5A, p 47, inside the atom

Periodic table The periodic table is an orderly arrangement of the elements based on the number of protons in the atoms of that element. This is known as the atomic number A period is a row across the table A group or family is a column up and down the table

Groups and families Groups and families have similar characteristics because they have the same number of electrons in the outer level (they look the same to other atoms)

Periods Periods, the rows across the periodic table, have the same number of electron orbitals or shells or levels

Lab 6C P 57, Valence

Pic of electron orbitals

Joining atoms Ionic bonds- one atom takes electrons from the other. They have positive and negative charges and stick together like magnets. Covalent bonds-They share electrons Both types of bond are an attempt to have a full outer level of electrons. That’s how atoms are most stable.

Pics of ionic and covalent bonds

Naming chemical compounds Systematic Nomenclature: For names start with element to the left side on the periodic table add -ide to the second element

More Naming use Greek prefixes for number of atoms: mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca Example: CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide

Physical and chemical change Physical change-substance is the same Chemical change- a new substance (chemical) is formed

Physical Change Lab 4A, p 37, Phase changes of water

Essay Questions Thoroughly explain why the members of the same groups and families on the periodic table react in a similar manner. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?

Chemical Equations Equations are a representation of a chemical reaction 2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O The numbers of atoms of each type must be the same on each side

Start by balancing an element that appears in only one reactant and product. Once one element is balanced, proceed to balance another, and another, until all elements are balanced. Balance chemical formulas by placing coefficients in front of them. Do not add subscripts, because this will change the formulas.

Try this one 1. CH 4 + O 2 ->CO 2 + H 2 O

Did you get this? 1. 1 CH O 2 1 CO H 2 O

Water and Solutions Water is very important in chemistry It enables chemicals to react with each other It is so important is almost a science on its own So why is water so important in so many chemical reactions?

Water Unique polar molecule, it is the universal solvent Dissolved in a liquid, molecules can move much more freely than as a solid

Acids and Bases Acids – Force an “H-” on a substance Bases – Rip an “H-” from a substance pH = the negative log of the hydronium ion (H 3 O + ) concentration pH scale from 0 to 14 0 is very strong acid, 14 very strong base, 7 is neutral Each number is a factor of 10 from the next

Solutions Concentration vs dilution Do a serial dilution in SEPUP tray Lab 9B, Solutions and Beer’s Law, p 69

pH scale Lab 13 A p101 Serial dilution in SEPUP tray

Electro Chemistry Works in solutions and with ions Lab 15B, p 124