Why Study Chemistry in A&P Class? Body functions depend on cellular functionsBody functions depend on cellular functions Cellular functions result from chemical changesCellular functions result from chemical changes Chemistry explains physiological processes; and helps to develop new drugs and medicineChemistry explains physiological processes; and helps to develop new drugs and medicine

Structure of Matter Matter = anything takes up space & has weight; elements Elements= composed of chemically identical atoms Bulk elements  requires by body in large amounts Trace Elements  requires by body in small amounts Atoms= smallest part of an element

Atomic Structure Protons  carry a +1 charge, mass of 1 AMU Neutrons  carry a 0 charge; mass of 1AMU Electrons  carry a –1charge; mass of 0 AMU Nucleus  consists of protons and neutrons; central part of the atom Electrons  move around the nucleus

Atomic Structure Atomic Number = # of protons in atom; each element has a unique atomic number Atomic Mass = protons + neutrons Isotopes  atoms with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons What changes? Ion  an atom that gains or loses electrons. What changes? Periodic Table of the Elements

Molecules Particles formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine Molecular formula= C 6 H 12 O 6 = Glucose Norepinephrine- A neurotransmitter found in the brain

Why Atoms Form Bonds 2 or more elements = compound 1st 20 elements have up to 3 energy levels/ 2 electrons on 1st level, up to 8 on 2nd level, and 8 on the 3rd level Most elements want to have 8 electrons in outer shell Atoms will share or steal to get 8 electrons in outer shell Sharing electrons  covalent bonds Stealing electrons  ionic bonds

Polar Molecules & Hydrogen Bonds Molecule with a slightly positive end and slightly negative endMolecule with a slightly positive end and slightly negative end Results when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bondsResults when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds Water is the most important polar moleculeWater is the most important polar molecule Hydrogen Bond  attraction between hydrogen (+) and nitrogen, oxygen, halogens *** Why water is polar diagram

Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions occur when bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or moleculesChemical reactions occur when bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules Reactants are substances being changes in reactionReactants are substances being changes in reaction Products are formed at the end of a chemical reactionProducts are formed at the end of a chemical reaction A + B  ABA + B  AB H 2 + Cl 2 --> 2 HCl

Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction  chemical bonds are formed (A+ B  AB) Decomposition Reaction  bonds are broken (AB  A+B) Exchange Reaction  chemical bonds are broken and reformed (AB + CD  AD + CB) Reversible Reaction  The products can change back to the reactants (A+B  AB) Synthesis Reaction

Acids and Bases Electrolytes  substances that release ions Acids  electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water Bases  Substances that can release ions that combine (or absorb) hydrogen ions pH scale 0-6.9= acidic 7 = neutral = basic

Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules Organic Molecules Contain C and HContain C and H LargeLarge Dissolve in waterDissolve in water Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acidsCarbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids Inorganic Molecules No CarbonNo Carbon SmallSmall Dissolve in waterDissolve in water Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, saltsWater, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts

Inorganic Examples Water Most abundant compound in living materialMost abundant compound in living material 2/3 body weight2/3 body weight Major composition of fluidsMajor composition of fluids Important in metabolism and transportImportant in metabolism and transport Oxygen Used for energy release from nutrients CO 2 Waste product of metabolism Must be removed from body Salts Abundant in body fluids Sources of necessary ions Important in metabolism; nervous response

Organic Examples Carbohydrates provide energy to cellsprovide energy to cells help build cell structureshelp build cell structures monosacharides= glucose + fructosemonosacharides= glucose + fructose disaccharides = sucrose + lactosedisaccharides = sucrose + lactose polysaccharides = glycogen + cellulosepolysaccharides = glycogen + cellulose Glucose- The Ultimate Carbohydrate

Lipids Fats (triglycerides) Used for energy Long chain molecules Triglyceride = 3 FA’s + glycerol Saturated= not easily broken down (all single bonds) Unsaturated= easily broken down (double bonds) Phospholipids are essential to cell membrane Steroids = connected rings of carbon used to make cholesterol + hormones The Phospholipid Bilayer

Proteins THE structural material of the body! HormonesReceptorsEnzymes Made from Amino Acids (connected via peptide bonds) Collagen Hemoglobin

Keratin-The Protein of Hair and Fingernails

Hemoglobin = Transport Protein

Nucleic Acids Make our genes Instruct body which proteins to make Made from nucleotides DNA + RNA

Hormones-Made from Proteins or Lipids Hormones are produced by endocrine glands, which are found throughout the body Protein Hormones Circulate through blood; bind to specific receptor on cell membrane This binding turns on an enzyme (called the 1st messenger) that makes cAMP (2nd messenger) This binding turns on an enzyme (called the 1st messenger) that makes cAMP (2nd messenger) cAMP then activates other enzymes in the cell Steroid Hormones Steroid is small enough to penetrate plasma membrane Steroid binds to a receptor inside the cell. Both the hormone and receptor enter the nucleus of the cell Hormone/receptor complex turn on genes in cellular DNA to make proteins

Secondary Messenger Animation I Secondary Messenger Animation II hill.com/sites/ /student_v iew0/chapter17/animation__second _messenger__camp.html Protein Hormones

Lipid Hormones

Common Endocrine Glands & Hormones Some Common Endocrine Glands And Their Hormones Endocrine Gland Hormone Released Where is it going? What is it doing? Hypothalamus Hypothalamus release/inhibiting hormone Pituitary Gland Regulated pituitary hormones Pituitary ADH, Vasopressin GHTSHGonadotropinsKidneysBonesThyroidGonads Water reabsorption Stimulates growth Regulates metabolism Gamete Formation Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Blood, Heart Fight or Flight Adrenal Cortex Sex Hormones Sex Organs/Skin Sex Characteristics PancreasInsulin Liver, Muscles Lowers blood Glucose/forms glycogen GonadsAndrogens Sex organs Gamete formation ThymusThymosins T Lymphocytes Maturation of T Lymphocytes