1. Biochemistry Matter & Elements All matter made of __________________________All matter made of __________________________ All atoms have ______________________All atoms have ______________________ Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart)Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart) # of _______________ in nucleus determines atom’s identity# of _______________ in nucleus determines atom’s identity Ions  atoms that gain or lose ____________________Ions  atoms that gain or lose ____________________ Hemoglobin Atom

2. Why Atoms Form Bonds 2 or more elements = _______________________2 or more elements = _______________________ 1st _______elements have up to ____ energy levels/ ______ electrons on 1st level, up to ________ on 2nd level, and _________ on the 3rd level1st _______elements have up to ____ energy levels/ ______ electrons on 1st level, up to ________ on 2nd level, and _________ on the 3rd level Most elements want to have _______ electrons in outer shellMost elements want to have _______ electrons in outer shell Atoms will _______________ to get 8 electrons in outer shellAtoms will _______________ to get 8 electrons in outer shell Sharing electrons  ______________bondsSharing electrons  ______________bonds Stealing electrons  ______________ bondsStealing electrons  ______________ bonds

3. Covalent Bond In Action

4. Ionic Bond In Action

5. NaCl- Ionic Bond CH 4- Covalent Bond

6. Chemical Changes, Chemical Symbols, & Formulas Chemical Symbols-  look at P.T. Chemical Formulas  group of _________________ together Exp. __________________________

7. Acids and Bases Pure water has equal amounts of ________________ If equal number of H+ and OH-, solution is ________

8. pH Scale Scale measures amount of H+ ions in solutions pH = 7-___________ pH< 7 –__________ pH > 7--___________

9. Polarity of Water Structure of water is ______________________ H 2 O Oxygen has ______ protons & _______ electronsOxygen has ______ protons & _______ electrons ________________________________, and electrons are pulled in close to the nucleus________________________________, and electrons are pulled in close to the nucleus Hydrogen has ______ proton & _____ electronHydrogen has ______ proton & _____ electron Not held _____________ very tightlyNot held _____________ very tightly

10. Water’s Structure In H 2 O, _____________ slightly pulls the electrons away from the ______________________ moleculesIn H 2 O, _____________ slightly pulls the electrons away from the ______________________ molecules Oxygen becomes partially ________________Oxygen becomes partially ________________ Hydrogen becomes partially __________________Hydrogen becomes partially __________________ Water is a _____________ molecule (slightly charged)Water is a _____________ molecule (slightly charged) Polarity makes water ________________________Polarity makes water ________________________

11. Polarity of Water

13. Physical Properties of water Ice _________________ Water _________________________ Water molecules _____________________ Water molecules stick to ______________ _________________________

14. Ice floats: When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into a structure that has empty spaces, making it less dense than liquid water

15. Water absorbs and retains heat Because of ___________________, water can absorb large amounts of _____________________ Absorbs lot of heat __________________ Helps keep cells at an _________________despite changes in the environment – homeostasis again!! Allows _____________________to maintain a relatively constant temperature.

16. Energy In living organisms, energy is stored as ____________ ______________________________________ Types of Energy Potential Energy – _________________ energy; energy of position Kinetic Energy- Energy of ________________ Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is not ____________________________ in a chemical reaction (1 st Law of Thermodynamics)

17. Energy & Chemical Reactions Reactants = substances that __________ a chemical reaction Products = substances that are _____________________ a chemical reaction A + B  AB ReactantsProducts

18. Different Types of Reactions Exergonic Reaction = ___________________ energy Endergonic Reaction = ________________ energy Oxidation Reactions = reactant ____________ electrons Reduction Reaction = reactant ____________ electrons

19. Organic Examples Carbohydrates provide _______________ to cellsprovide _______________ to cells help build _____________________help build _____________________ monosaccharides= ______ sugar unitmonosaccharides= ______ sugar unit disaacharides = __________ connected sugar unitsdisaacharides = __________ connected sugar units polysaccharides = _____________ connected sugar unitspolysaccharides = _____________ connected sugar units Glucose- The Ultimate Carbohydrate

20. Lipids Fats (triglycerides) Used for _________________ _______________________ molecules Triglyceride = ________________ + glycerol Saturated= not easily broken down (all _________ bonds) Unsaturated= easily broken down (________ bonds) The Phospholipid Bilayer

22. Proteins THE ___________________ material of the body! 1.__________________ 2.___________________ 3.____________________ Made from ________________ (connected via peptide bonds) Collagen Hemoglobin

25. Levels of organization:

28. Keratin-The Protein of Hair and Fingernails

29. Hemoglobin = Transport Protein

30. Nucleic Acids Make our ______________Make our ______________ Instruct body which ______________ to makeInstruct body which ______________ to make Made from ___________________Made from ___________________ __________________________________________