Greek and Roman Terms From the Mona Lisa Art Book

Golden Age BC: explosion of creativity; BC: explosion of creativity; unparalleled excellence in art, architecture, poetry, drama, philosophy, law, gov’t, logic, history, and mathematics unparalleled excellence in art, architecture, poetry, drama, philosophy, law, gov’t, logic, history, and mathematics

Age of Pericles Also known as the Age of Pericles; Also known as the Age of Pericles; THE GOLDEN AGE THE GOLDEN AGE named after the Athenian leader who championed democracy and free- thinking named after the Athenian leader who championed democracy and free- thinking

Protagoras Summed up Greek philosophy: Summed up Greek philosophy: –man is the measure of all things emphasized rational inquiry emphasized rational inquiry

Greek Philosophy Stressed harmony, order, and clarity of thought Stressed harmony, order, and clarity of thought Greek art and architecture reflected similar balance Greek art and architecture reflected similar balance

Trompe l’oeil Lifelike paintings; realistic detail Lifelike paintings; realistic detail French term literally meaning "trick the eye." French term literally meaning "trick the eye." a style of painting which gives the appearance of three-dimensional realism. a style of painting which gives the appearance of three-dimensional realism.

Pere Borrell del Caso (Spanish, 19th century), Escaping Criticism, 1874.

Geometric Style Earliest vase design; Earliest vase design; figures primarily geometric shapes figures primarily geometric shapes

Pyxis with a lid in the form of an Oinochoe Geometric Period circa 800 BC

Archaic Period Later period; Later period; black forms standout against reddish background; scratched details with a needle to expose the red beneath black forms standout against reddish background; scratched details with a needle to expose the red beneath

Dionysus in a Sailboat; c From the Archaic Period Notice the black figure on the red background

Contrapposto Discovery of weight shift; Discovery of weight shift; weight rested on one leg with body with body realigned accordingly; weight rested on one leg with body with body realigned accordingly; illusion of arrested motion illusion of arrested motion

Aphrodite from the Greek Island of Melos by the sculptor Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander. Hellenistic era The statue is marble, from c.150 BC

3 (or 4) Greek Innovations in Art Nude figure; Nude figure; ideal proportions; ideal proportions; folds of clothing draped; folds of clothing draped; contrapposto contrapposto

Parthenon White marble perfection in Greek architectural style; White marble perfection in Greek architectural style; remained intact until 1687 when a direct rocket destroyed its core remained intact until 1687 when a direct rocket destroyed its core a temple for the Greek goddess Athena, a temple for the Greek goddess Athena, Part of the Athenian Acropolis. Part of the Athenian Acropolis. most important surviving building of Classical Greece, most important surviving building of Classical Greece,

Entablature The upper part of a Greek or Roman Column, The upper part of a Greek or Roman Column, Comprised of architrave, frieze, and cornice. Comprised of architrave, frieze, and cornice.

The Entablature

Ionic order entablature A. cornice B. frieze C. architrave D. entablature (Precision Graphics)

Phidias BC; BC; famous Athenian sculpture; famous Athenian sculpture; 1st used to display drapery to reveal the body 1st used to display drapery to reveal the body

See the draping

Polykleitos BC; BC; wrote book on proportion; wrote book on proportion; most celebrated work is a colossal statue of Hera most celebrated work is a colossal statue of Hera The head of Hera from an Argive coin, may be the best representation we have left of Polykleitos’ Hera

Praxiteles Sculptor famous for 1st entirely nude Aphrodite statue; Sculptor famous for 1st entirely nude Aphrodite statue; introduced sensual physical beauty introduced sensual physical beauty

Pediment low-pitched triangular area on the front of some buildings in Greek architecture low-pitched triangular area on the front of some buildings in Greek architecture Usually filled with relief scultpure Usually filled with relief scultpure

Pediment at Parthenon

Doric Standard, least ornamented Standard, least ornamented column topper

Ionic Scroll top Scroll top

Corinthian Most ornamented Most ornamented column topper; column topper; with the acanthus with the acanthus plant plant

Followed the rules of what? Symmetry Symmetry Proportion Proportion

Geometric Art 9th and 8th c.; 9th and 8th c.; pottery ornamented with geometric banding and friezes of simplified animals/humans pottery ornamented with geometric banding and friezes of simplified animals/humans

Archaic Art BC; BC; period includes period includes KOUROS stone figures and vase painting

Kouros (nude male youth) BC; (nude male youth) BC; free standing statues of human figure; free standing statues of human figure; frontal stance; frontal stance; left foot forward; left foot forward; clenched fists; clenched fists; grimace known as “archaic smile” grimace known as “archaic smile”

Kouros ca. 600 BCE Marble, appox. 6 feet high Archaic Greek

Classical Art BC; BC; peak of Greek art and architecture; peak of Greek art and architecture; idealized figure; idealized figure; exemplified order and harmony exemplified order and harmony

Hellenistic Art BC; BC; Greek derived style; Greek derived style; more melodramatic than Classical Style more melodramatic than Classical Style dramatic posing, sweeping lines, and high contrast of light, shadow and emotions dramatic posing, sweeping lines, and high contrast of light, shadow and emotions More experimentation and a sense of freedom that allowed the artist to explore his subjects from different unique points of view More experimentation and a sense of freedom that allowed the artist to explore his subjects from different unique points of view

Greek vs. Roman GREEK Temples to gods Temples to gods Cut stone block Cut stone block Square and straight lines Square and straight lines Post and lintel Post and lintel Doric, ionic Doric, ionic Idealized Idealized Mythology MythologyROMAN Civic buildings Civic buildings Concrete Concrete Circles, curved lines Circles, curved lines Arches Arches Vaults Vaults Corinthian Corinthian Realistic Realistic Leaders, military Leaders, military

Post and Lintel 2 vertical posts, 1 horizontal 2 vertical posts, 1 horizontal

Basilica Oblong building with semicircular apse on either side with high clerestory windows Oblong building with semicircular apse on either side with high clerestory windows used as a meeting place used as a meeting place Now refers to a large and important church (like St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican) Now refers to a large and important church (like St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican)

Basilica, or Temple of Hera (mid 6th century BC). Campania, Italy

Barrel Vault Deep arch forming half cylindrical roof Deep arch forming half cylindrical roof

Groin Vault Two intersecting barrel vaults at the same height forming a right angle Two intersecting barrel vaults at the same height forming a right angle

Roman Baths Large crowds bathed in pools of varying temperatures; Large crowds bathed in pools of varying temperatures; elaborate pipe system stoked by slaves; elaborate pipe system stoked by slaves; heated baths and exercise rooms heated baths and exercise rooms

1. Entrance1. Entrance | 2. Toilets | 3. Palaestra | 4. Apodyterium 5. Tepidarium | 6. Caldarium | 7. Frigidarium | 8. Entertainment 9. Art | 10. Food & Alcohol2. Toilets3. Palaestra4. Apodyterium 5. Tepidarium6. Caldarium7. Frigidarium8. Entertainment 9. Art10. Food & Alcohol

Wax Death Masks Kept in homes; Kept in homes; realistic images were completely factual molds made of the dead person’s features realistic images were completely factual molds made of the dead person’s features Death mask of Dante Alighieri, Italian poet,

Death mask of Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher, , plaster.

Narrative Relief Panels of sculpted figures Panels of sculpted figures depicting military exploits which decorated the triumphal arches; column of Trajan most column of Trajan most ambitious (650 feet long)

Use of Concrete Pioneered the creative use of concrete Pioneered the creative use of concrete

The Coliseum Place of large-scale public entertainment, Place of large-scale public entertainment, 50, 000 spectators; 50, 000 spectators; also a place for naval battles (mock) also a place for naval battles (mock)

Pompeii Covered with 18 feet of ash and pumice; Covered with 18 feet of ash and pumice; it was once a resort community it was once a resort community

Mt. Vesuvius Erupted and covered Pompeii and Herculaneum; Erupted and covered Pompeii and Herculaneum; mushroom cloud 12 miles high mushroom cloud 12 miles high

Herculaneum Covered with 18 feet of ash and pumice Covered with 18 feet of ash and pumice

Mosaic Made of bits of colored stone and glass Made of bits of colored stone and glass