 Chapter 6: Interacting with Texts (p. 104) › Active Reading (p. 105) › Annotating (p. 105) › Scanning/Focused Reading (p. 107)

 Chapter 8: An Introduction to Reading Texts › The Reading-Writing Connection (p. 123) › Kinds of Texts (p. 125) › Academic and Non-Academic Writing (p )

Why?  Support your own point  Disagree with a relevant study  Explain a relevant concept or theory  Compare/contrast findings with others  Include other authors in your “conversation”

 The kind of evidence you need can depend on your purpose, audience, topic, and essay type  It will vary according to discipline  Hard evidence has authority › Facts, statistics, research findings  Soft evidence may help explain or convince › Experts, examples, analogies, anecdotal or personal experience

Knowledge Appearing well-informed Providing strong support Reliability Following conventions Writing grammatically and clearly Fairness Avoiding bias Mentioning other sides and viewpoints

 urce/588/02/

 Credible sources are written by authors respected in their fields of study. Responsible, credible authors will cite their sources so that you can check the accuracy of and support for what they've written. (This is also a good way to find more sources for your own research.)

 The choice to seek recent sources depends on your topic. While sources on the American Civil War may be decades old and still contain accurate information, sources on information technologies, or other areas that are experiencing rapid changes, need to be much more current.

 When deciding which sources to use, you should take the purpose or point of view of the author into consideration. Is the author presenting a neutral, objective view of a topic? Or is the author advocating one specific view of a topic? Who is funding the research or writing of this source? A source written from a particular point of view may be credible; however, you need to be careful that your sources don't limit your coverage of a topic to one side of a debate.

 If you are writing for a professional or academic audience, they may value peer- reviewed journals as the most credible sources of information. If you are writing for a group of residents in your hometown, they might be more comfortable with mainstream sources, such as Time or Newsweek. A younger audience may be more accepting of information found on the Internet than an older audience might be.

 Never use Web sites where an author cannot be determined, unless the site is associated with a reputable institution such as a respected university, a credible media outlet, government program or department, or well-known non- governmental organizations. Beware of using sites like Wikipedia, which are collaboratively developed by users. Because anyone can add or change content, the validity of information on such sites may not meet the standards for academic research.

 Techniques 1. Summary 2. Precis 3. Paraphrase 4. Direct Quotation 5. Combining Methods

What it includes:  Main ideas or most important points only  Use your own words

What it includes:  Main points of a work  Same order  Leaves our most sub-points and all detail  Your own words  ¼ to 1/3 of the original in length

When to use it:  Include another writer’s points in your paper How to use it: (See page 23)  Integrate into your writing smoothly

What it includes:  All of the original  Your own words  Structure changed (if possible)

When to use it:  Refer to material directly relevant to your point How to use it:  Small but significant passages

What it includes:  Words and punctuation of the original  Quotation marks

When to use it:  Important material  Memorably phrased or  Difficult to paraphrase How to use it:  Integrate grammatically and smoothly.  Brackets [ ] and ellipsis (…) when needed.

 Summary › Uses main idea(s) › Uses your own words › Omits detail › Is shorter than original  Paraphrase › Includes all the original › Uses your own words › Is about the length of the original

 Direct quotations › Use words of original › Include quotation marks around passage › In general, do not quote directly if  you are citing statistics  you are giving factual information  the passage is easy to summarize or paraphrase › Do quote directly if  the words or phrasing is significant  the source is authoritative  the passage is difficult to summarize or paraphrase

 Combining direct quotations and summary/ paraphrase › Contributes to efficient writing › Stresses significant words  Omitting unneeded words in direct quotations › Use three spaced dots (...) to show one or more words omitted › Use four spaced dots to show words omitted to end of sentence

 Use square brackets […] to indicate changes to a direct quotation  Adding or changing words › To correct grammar › To make stylistic change › To clarify or add needed information

 Read “Some Summary Writing Strategies” on page 25.  Can you think of any other strategies for successful summary writing?  Read “Outline to Summary: an Example” on pages  Is the summary on page 27 successful?  Answer the “Review Questions” together on page 28.