1. Using Secondary Sources [Secondary Sources.pptx]

2. INTEGRATING RESEARCH Why? Support your own point
Disagree with a relevant study
Explain a relevant concept or theory
Compare/contrast findings with others
Include other authors in your “conversation”

3. Think of referencing as the scholar’s equivalent to the police officer putting on his/her uniform.

4. Use references and facts to give your argument authority

5. Kinds of Evidence
The kind of evidence you need can depend on your purpose, audience, topic, and essay type
It will vary according to discipline
Hard evidence has authority
Facts, statistics, research findings
Soft evidence may help explain or convince
Experts, examples, analogies, anecdotal or personal experience

6. Issues of Credibility Knowledge Reliability Fairness
Appearing well-informed
Providing strong support
Reliability
Following conventions
Writing grammatically and clearly
Fairness
Avoiding bias
Mentioning other sides and viewpoints

7. Peer Review Process

8. What is a “peer reviewed” article?

9. How can I tell if a source is credible?

10. Who is the author?
Written by authors respected in their fields of study.
Responsible. Sources are cited so that you can check the accuracy of and support for what they've written.
(This is also a good way to find more sources for your own research.)

11. How recent is the source?
Depends on your topic.
Sources on the American Civil War may be decades old and still contain accurate information.
Sources on information technologies, or other areas that are experiencing rapid changes, need to be much more current.

12. What is the author's purpose?
Is the author presenting a neutral, objective view of a topic?
Or is the author advocating one specific view of a topic?
Who is funding the research or writing of this source?
A source written from a particular point of view may be credible; however, you need to be careful that your sources don't limit your coverage of a topic to one side of a debate.

13. What type of sources does your audience value?
A professional or academic audience may value peer-reviewed journals as the most credible sources of information.
A group of residents in your hometown might be more comfortable with mainstream sources, such as Time or Newsweek.
A younger audience may be more accepting of information found on the Internet than an older audience might be.

14. Be especially careful when evaluating Internet sources!
Never use Web sites where an author cannot be determined, unless the site is associated with a reputable institution such as a respected university, a credible media outlet, government program or department, or well-known non-governmental organizations.
Beware of Wikipedia. Because anyone can add or change content, the validity of information on such sites may not meet the standards for academic research.

15. INTEGRATING RESEARCH Techniques Summary Précis Paraphrase
Direct Quotation

16. 1. SUMMARY What it includes: Uses main idea(s) Most important points
Uses your own words
Omits detail
Is shorter than original

17. 2. Précis Also called a Stand-Alone Summary
What it includes:
Main points of a work
Same order
Leaves our most sub-points and all detail
Your own words
¼ to 1/3 of the original in length

18. 2. PRECIS
When to use it: * Include another writer’s points in your paper How to use it: * Integrate into your writing smoothly

19. 3. PARAPHRASE What it includes: All of the original Your own words
Structure changed (if possible)

20. 3. PARAPHRASE When to use it:
Refer to material directly relevant to your point
How to use it:
Small but significant passages
Paraphrase
Includes all the original
Uses your own words
Is about the length of the original

21. 4. DIRECT QUOTATION When to use it: Important material
Memorably phrased or
Difficult to paraphrase
How to use it:
Integrate grammatically and smoothly.

22. WRITING THE ROUGH DRAFT: INTEGRATING SOURCES, CONT’D
Direct quotations
Use words of original
Include quotation marks around passage
In general, do not quote directly if
you are citing statistics
you are giving factual information
the passage is easy to summarize or paraphrase
Do quote directly if
the words or phrasing is significant
the source is authoritative
the passage is difficult to summarize or paraphrase

23. WRITING THE ROUGH DRAFT: INTEGRATING SOURCES, CONT’D
Combining direct quotations and summary/ paraphrase
Contributes to efficient writing
Stresses significant words
Omitting unneeded words in direct quotations
Use three spaced dots - ellipsis (. . .) to show one or more words omitted
Use four spaced dots to show words omitted to end of sentence

24. WRITING THE ROUGH DRAFT: INTEGRATING SOURCES, CONT’D
Use square brackets […] to indicate changes to a direct quotation
Adding or changing words
To correct grammar
To make stylistic change
To clarify or add needed information

25. Always remember to cite!