B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N Simplified Voltage Optimization M&V Protocols Getting to Delta V Regional Technical Forum Presentation May 4, 2010

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 2 Picking Up From April 6 th 2010 Meeting  April 6 th RTF Meeting Why we are here Overarching goals Technical Workgroup Outlined the Simplified M&V VO Protocol − ΔV Calculations − NEEA Research for VOf Highlight consistent findings

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 3 Progress - April 6 th to May 4 th 2010  Comments received RTF Committee RTF Subcommittee Utilities Vendor  Addressed comments with TWG Prepared responses

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 4 Need from the RTF Committee Today BPA and the supporting TWG are seeking approval of the Simplified VO M&V Protocol being presented, which includes a VO measure life of 15 years and the NEEA End-Use VO factors.

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 5 What This Presentation Covers  Addressing comments  Performance Threshold Requirements  Persistence  Measure Life

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 6 Simplified VO M&V Protocols Addressing Comments

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 7 Energy Savings E Saved = (VO f x E Annual x ΔV) + ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses Simplified Protocol Addresses VO component VOf is the end use Voltage Optimization factor throughout out this presentation, unless otherwise defined

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 8 Energy Savings E Saved = (VO f x E Annual x ΔV) + ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses Clarified Utility Component April RTF presentation used ΔE si, This was clarified this to be ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 9 Addressing Utility Energy Savings E Saved Utility = ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses Calculated separately from VO Not in the Protocol ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses ( Utility savings from system improvements & transformers ) Determined using existing BPA programs and calculations Industry standard power flow calculations − Loss reduction from system improvements (This separates VO from typical CVR) − Loss reduction from No-Load transformer losses

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 10 Addressing VO Energy Saved E Saved VO = (VO f x E Annual x ΔV) (Simplified Protocol)  E Annual Measured − Historic records − Normalized (adjusted for a normal year) Estimated using typical industry methods − i.e. if only amps are available, energy can be estimated (Allowed by Option D “Measurement & Verification for Federal Energy Projects )

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 11 Addressing VO Factor E Saved VO = (VO f x E Annual x ΔV)  VO f (End-Use Loads) NEEA Study Determined using NEEA end-use Load Research Data − 395 Residential homes & 20 small commercial − Strongest predictors of VO f was determined to be electric heating and air conditioning − Day On/Day Off for 12 months (Simplified Protocol)

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 12 Addressing VO Factor Combined into 9 NWPCC Heat- Cool Zones Sampled Utilities in 5 zones (grey) Represent 88% of NW Pop 87% of NW Annual Usage  VO f (End-Use Loads) NEEA Study

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 13 Addressing VO Factor  VO f (End-Use Loads) NEEA Study Weighted in order to project the sample data to the regional population at large and arrive at estimates indicative of the whole region. − 1. Post-stratified the sampled sites to the utility sub- populations using the kWh stratified sample design. − 2. Weighted the utility sub-populations up to the utility’s full population. − 3. Weighted the utility populations up to the population of the Power Council weather region each utility represented.

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 14 Addressing VO Factor Uses Results from the NEEA DEI End-use Load Research study  Heating & cooling zones

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 15 Addressing VO Factor Uses Results from the NEEA DEI End-use Load Research study  End-use load characteristics Electric heating Air conditioning Elec_Elec_Elec(60) Elec_Elec_None(57) Elec_HeatPump(61) Elec_Non_Elec(17) Elec_Non_None(22) Non_Elec_None(9) Non_HeatPump(10) Non_Non_Elec(102) Non_Non_None(43) HotWater_SpaceHeating_Airconditioning (Qty) VO f

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 16 Addressing VO Factor

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 17 Addressing VO Factor – Does it Work? E Saved = (VO f x E Annual x ΔV) + ΔE XFMR_NL + ΔE Line Losses 1.Tool VO f adjusted for commercial loads 2.Simple averages < 7.1% error FeederVO f – DEI Pilot Study (Measured at Feeder Level) VO f - DEI Tool 1 (E Saved Calculation – Feeder Level) Idaho SnoPUD Avista Average Does using End-Use VOf to Calculate Feeder Level VO f work?

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 18 Addressing Formulation ΔV  Can data from a 7 day period be used to accurately calculate annual average voltage levels. YES – Simulation From NEEA Pilot Data Simplified M&V formulas calculated average annual voltage to < 0.3% using a “rolling” 7-day (168 data points) recording (Average annual voltage calculations use industry standard methods) E Saved VO = (VO f x E Annual x ΔV) (Simplified Protocol)

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 19 Addressing Formulation ΔV (Simplified Protocol) Source: BPA DEI Conservation Calculator Performance Test E Saved VO = (VO f x E Annual x ΔV) Calculations based on Annual Peak Data and energy

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 20 Addressing Formulation ΔV Test Case Performed using NEEA data  7 Day floating window  See attached VO MV Protocol _7 day Robustness.pdf  See following three slides

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 21 Addressing Formulation ΔV  7 Day floating window  Maximum error < 0.13 % Simplified Protocol

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 22 Addressing Formulation ΔV  7-Day Floating Window  Maximum error  < 0.24 % Simplified Protocol

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 23 Addressing Formulation ΔV  7-Day Floating Window  Maximum error < 0.2 Volts  Average error < 0.08 Volts Simplified Protocol

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 24 Addressing Formulation ΔE  Issue of increase energy requirement due to the increase in voltage level from system improvements − Not an issue, annual energy is measured and not determined from the 7 day pre & post data recordings − Adjustments to base line voltage level will be performed to mimic the pre-existing voltage levels

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 25 Addressing Statistics  Constant vs Variable VO factor NEEA Distribution Efficiency End-Use VO factors are used to determine the End-Use VO factors at the customer meter − NEEA VO factors are annualized average values based on H/C zones, Heating Source, and Air condition end-use loads − Additional utility savings are accounted for by performing industry standards power flow calculations

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 26 Performance Thresholds  Power factor  Voltage drop (Primary & Secondary)  Voltage variance  Phase Balancing Not arbitrary, but selected based on IEEE and RUS system planning guidelines, Distribution system energy efficiency studies, NEEA DEI Guidebook, and consensus of TWG

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 27 Why Performance Threshold are Critical  Helps to resolve key issues found in the pilot NEEA projects that did not perform well.  Reduces voltage fluctuation due to changing loads/conditions More predictable voltage levels Less likely to have rogue lateral taps Makes utility staff more aware of the feeder performance Improves power quality  Increases energy savings by increasing ΔV  Reduces risk of low voltage issues

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 28 Thresholds - Power Factor  Power Factor on average > 98% (period)  Power Factor minimum > 96% (period) Reduces Line Losses Provides additional voltage reduction Reduces Line Losses Provides additional voltage reduction

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 29 Thresholds – Voltage Drop  Voltage Drop (Vd) for each voltage control zone Must be < 3.3% on primary at feeder peak loads Must be < 4% on secondary ANSI provides for a maximum of 10%, thresholds are set at a maximum of 7.3% to achieve efficiency – This value was determined base on achievable results through the TWG  NEEA Study arrived at thresholds based on achieving cost effective efficient distribution systems Supported by distribution efficiency studies Proposed threshold parameters are set similarly to how typical conservation methods set targets to achieve higher efficiency

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 30 Thresholds – Voltage Drop  More Voltage Drop, less efficient system 1% Losses = 30kW 3.3% Losses = 110kW 5% Losses = 170kW 26 circuit analyzed 24 circuits meet the 3.3% Vd threshold Sourse: EPRI Distribution Losses Report 1983 EL-3261-V1

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 31 Thresholds – Voltage Drop Variance  Maximum Voltage Drop Variance between feeders within the same voltage control zone (during period)  Allows entire substation load to benefit from voltage reduction by not having one feeder hold back other feeders in the same voltage control zone Must be < 0.25 p.u. or < 2.0V Entire load in VCZ benefits Predicable voltage drop calculation Entire load in VCZ benefits Predicable voltage drop calculation

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 32 Thresholds - Voltage Levels  Voltage level must be > (114V+1/2 Bandwidth) and less than (126V-1/2 Bandwidth) Not arbitrary  ANSI Requirements – Adopted by most States as Law 126 Volts Feeder Length SubstationEnd of Feeder Voltage profile over time

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 33 Performance Thresholds (continued)  Phase Unbalance Must be < 0.15pu and neutral current < 40 amps (period) Voltage drop = I r x R +j I i x X (V d ) Losses = Iφ A 2 x R A + Iφ B 2 x R B + Iφ C 2 x R C + I N 2 x R N (kW) Reduces Line Losses Provides additional voltage reduction Reduces Line Losses Provides additional voltage reduction

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 34 Simplified VO M&V Protocols Three Voltage Regulation Techniques

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 35 Three Voltage Regulation Techniques 1.Voltage Fixed Reduction (VFR)  Fixes the voltage level at the substation source and the voltage level at the end of the feeder varies with load − Old voltage setting Vset = 125V, R and X settings = 0 − New voltage setting Vset = 122V, R and X settings = Volts Feeder Length Existing Vset = 125V New Vset = 122V

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 36 Three Voltage Regulation Techniques 2.Line Drop Compensation (LDC)  Fixes the voltage level at the end of the feeder and the voltage level varies at the substation source with load 126 Volts Feeder Length − Old voltage setting Vset = 125V, R and X settings = 0 − New voltage setting Vset = 120V, R and X settings = 3 to 5 Existing Vset = 125V New Vset = 120V, R and X setting = 3 to 5

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 37 Three Voltage Regulation Techniques 3.Automatic Voltage Feedback Control (AVFC)  Fixes the voltage level at the substation source based on real-time voltage feedback sign from the end of the feeder

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 38 Three Voltage Regulation Techniques 3.Automatic Voltage Feedback Control (AVFC)  Fixes the voltage level at the substation source based on real-time voltage feedback sign from the end of the feeder 126 Volts Feeder Length − Old voltage setting Vset = 125V, R and X settings = 0 − New voltage setting Vset = 119V, R and X settings = 0 Existing Vset = 125V Vset = Adjusts for load conditions based on end of line feedback

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 39 Simplified VO M&V Protocols Four Stages to Simplified VO M&V Protocols

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 40 Four Stages to Simplified VO M&V Protocols Existing Performance Assessment and VO Implementation Plan Positive Results ? Move to the next project Yes System Improvements Baseline Pre-VO measurements VO Implementation Post-VO Measurements and Verification Persistence of Energy Savings No

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 41 Persistence of Energy Savings  For a three year period, complete annual self-certification checklist to ensure: Voltage settings are still operating as prescribed within the prescribed VO voltage control zones Voltage control zone continues to meet minimum performance thresholds. The annual self-certification of system minimum operating performance is measured over a 12 month period Can continue beyond the required three year period NOTE: TWG feels a process that’s been in practice for 3 years becomes a standard operating procedure and is highly likely to continue

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 42 Measure Life  Typical equipment life is 35 years or more (e.g. line additions, reconductoring, phase upgrades, regulation equipment and shunt capacitors)  BPA proposes a measure life of 15 years for VO The VO operation control methods are incorporated into the utility’s operation and design standards. According to the TWG, the proposed persistence reporting of 3 years is sufficient to establish standard operational practices, which tends to extend the life of VO perpetually. Typical load growth of less than 2%

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 43 Questions ?

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 44 Call for Motion Approval

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 45 Thank You Thank you very much for taking the time to share your knowledge & experience

B O N N E V I L L E P O W E R A D M I N I S T R A T I O N 46 Project Team  Bonneville Power Administration  Distribution Efficiency Technical Workgroup  GOALmind Consulting - Jillianne Welker  RMH Consulting - Bob Helm  RW Beck - KC Fagen  Utility Planning Solutions - Robert Fletcher