Chapter 7 Animal Biotechnology

Animals in Research

B1 B4 B2 B3 Animals in Research

 FDA Oversight of Drug Development Process Pre-Clinical Research and Development Animation: Drug Development Process

Animals in Research  FDA Oversight of Drug Development Process Pre-Clinical Animal Studies

 Animal Models Mice Rats Zebrafish (3 month generation time, 200 progeny, complete embryogenesis in 120 hrs) Dogs (lungs and cardiovascular system) Cats Pigs (PPL Therapeutics- delete a gene which causes hyperacute rejection of pig-to-human organ transplantation) Primates (HIV and AIDs research, geriatric research) Animals in Research

 Alternatives to Animal Models Cell culture devices Researchers use cell cultures and computer-generated models whenever possible, but this doesn’t work for looking at an organ or entire animal Animals in Research

 Regulation of Animal Research The “Three Rs” Reduce the number of higher species (cats, dogs, primates) used Replace animals with alternative models whenever possible Refine tests and experiments to ensure the most humane conditions possible Animals in Research

 Veterinary Medicine as Clinical Trials Treatments for humans may also be useful for treatments with animals (e.g. the BRCA1 gene found in 65% of human breast tumors is similar to the BRCA1 gene in dogs) Hyperthermia + radiation = more effective at killing tumors Stimulation of cytokines for curing skin cancers Animals in Research

 Bioengineering Mosquitoes to Prevent Malaria Cloned in a gene that prevents the parasite from traversing the midgut; blocking the continuation of its life cycle Developed an antibody that prevents the parasite from entering the mosquito’s salivary gland Animals in Research

Cloning  A genetically identical copy of a cell or whole organism

Cloning  Embryogenesis – the process by which the embryo forms and develops Zygote – fertilized egg Blastocyst – early stage embryo prior to implantation

Cloning Methods  Embryo Twinning Embryo Twinning Animation

Cloning Methods  Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Cloning Methods A look at Dolly the Sheep

Cloning Methods  Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer SCNT Animation

Cloning Methods Click and Clone a Mouse

Limits to Cloning  Decrease Genetic Diversity

Limits to Cloning  Epigenetic Effects

Limits to Cloning  Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness

Limits to Cloning  Abnormal Development

Limits to Cloning  Premature Aging Telomerase Animation

The Future of Cloning  Increase in genetic gain

The Future of Cloning  Consistent Quality

The Future of Cloning  Endangered Species

Transgenic Animals  Transgenic Animal – genome has been changed to carry genes from a different species

Transgenic Techniques  Embryonic Stem Cell Method

Transgenic Techniques  Pronuclear Injection Animation of Pronuclear Injection

Transgenic Techniques  Making clones of a transgenic animal Animation: Using SCNT to make transgenic goat

Transgenic Applications  Increased Production Efficiency: Transgenic Growth Hormones

Transgenic Applications  Improved Food Safety and Quality: longer shelf life

Transgenic Applications  Improved Food Safety and Quality: lactose intolerance

 Increase Nutritional Content: Lactoferrin Transgenic Applications

 Increased Production Efficiency: boost lactational performance

Transgenic Applications  Disease Resistant Animals less susceptible to mastitis

Transgenic Applications  Disease Resistant Animals less susceptible to mad cow disease

Transgenic Applications  Decreased Environmental Impact

 Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors Biosteel otherwise known as spider silk, cloned into goat milk (“silkmilk” goats) Goats reproduce faster than cows and are cheaper than cows Hens also make good bioreactors in that they are cheap and a lot of eggs are produced at one time Transgenic Animals

 Knock-outs: A Special Case of Transgenesis A specific gene is disrupted or removed such that it is not expressed Procedure: DNA is modified, it is added to embryonic stem cells, where it undergoes homologous recombination. The modified ES cells are then introduced into normal embryo. The embryo is implanted in an incubator mother. The offspring is a chimera. It may take several generations of crossbreeding are required to produce animals that are complete knock-outs. Breast cancer mouse Transgenic Animals

Producing Human Antibodies in Animals  Production of Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) Used to treat cancer, heart disease, and transplant rejection HUMANIZED monoclonal antibodies were developed to prevent the human anti- mouse antibody (HAMA) response