International Civil Aviation Organization Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Overview and Spectrum Implementation International Civil Aviation Organization Spectrum Seminar Cairo, Egypt June 4-6, 2006

Basic GNSS System Core Constellations Augmentation Systems GPS GLONASS Galileo (under development) Augmentation Systems Aircraft-Based Augmentation System (ABAS) Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) Uses geostationary satellites India, Japan, Europe, US Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Ground-Based Regional System (GRAS) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is currently composed of two non-geostationary satellite constellations, and the augmentations for those two systems. Constellations: Global Positioning System (GPS); United States; more than 24 SV; 11,000 nm orbit Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS); Russian Federation; 16 satellites (SVs), expect to increase the number of SVs with the establishment of a special “Global Navigation System” program Future possibilities … Galileo, China, Japan Augmentations improve signal availability, accuracy, integrity ABAS confirms integrity through a consistency check across all satellites. It cannot improve accuracy, and has limited availability since extra satellites are needed to support this check (also called Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring = RAIM) Satellite-based providing wide area coverage. LPV now, one state implementing approaches equivalent to Category I ILS. Ground-based providing very good local corrections and short time-to-alert values. CAT I systems in development, expected to be approved in 2008. Standards for CAT II/III are under development.

Satellite Navigation … Basically Multilateration By knowing your distance from at least 3 points of known-position, you can determine your own position. Satellite navigation is basically multilateration. The user receives the satellite position and time in the form of a broadcast almanac. All of the satellite clocks are closely synchronized, however the user may not be. As a result, with at least 4 satellites in view the user can solve for the four “unknowns” of latitude, longitude, altitude and time. For Satellite Navigation: a, b & c are satellites, and a fourth is needed to solve for clock variations.

GNSS Ranging and Timing Earth’s Ionosphere Actual Path Assumed Path Approach: tarrival – ttransmitted ~ distance from satellite Assumes straight path of radio frequency signals Earth’s ionosphere actually disrupts/bends that path Augmentations correct for that bend using dual-frequency measurements Currently not possible directly in aircraft; some signals not protected. Errors accrue during single frequency operations due to the bending of the RF signals as they traverse the Earth’s ionosphere. This bending is frequency-dependent and therefore can be compensated for in the receiver if two signals of different frequency, from the same satellite, are received. Currently there is only a single protected civil signal available to aviation users (1559-1610 MHz band). SBAS, GBAS and GRAS all correct for this error. GNSS modernization is expected to provide a second protected civil signal in the 1164-1215 MHz band. At that time corrections could be made in the aircraft. Augmentations may still be required to meet signal integrity and availability requirements.

Satellite Navigation’s Mission SBAS/GBAS Implementation SBAS/GRAS GNSS by itself provides a global navigation and timing capability. With the addition of SBAS and/or GBAS, the benefits are increased. SBAS: Enroute oceanic and domestic, terminal operations including departure guidance, and approach/missed approach through as low as CAT I. GBAS: Precision terminal, approach and surface operations. CAT II/III goal. GBAS

Satellite Based Augmentation System (WAAS used as example) Example shows the United States version of SBAS, termed the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). This system was commissioned July 10, 2003, and is currently providing Lateral Navigation/Vertical Navigation (LNAV/VNAV) and LPV capability, using the accuracy of the WAAS signal to provide vertical (glide path) capability. The system receives signals from GPS satellites at a number of widely spaced Wide Area Reference Stations. Unlike aircraft, those stations receive both the GPS L1 civil signal, and the encrypted GPS L2 signal. The latter is used in a semi-codeless fashion to derive correction factors to compensate for bending of the radio-frequency signal as it goes through the Earth’s atmosphere. These corrections are transmitted via land line to the WAAS Wide Area Master Stations. Derived corrections are sent via geostationary satellites and downlinked on the GPS L1 frequency, providing both the enhanced accuracy/integrity information, and additional ranging sources. Accuracy improved from about 20m to 1.5-2 meters in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Integrity data informs users of where GPS is unusable due to system or other errors. 6 second time-to-alarm supported. Currently adding satellites to ensure redundant coverage over all CONUS and most of Alaska. Working with Canada and Mexico to further expand coverage. For more information on WAAS see http://gps.faa.gov FAA288-021

Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Architecture Pseudolite Focuses on service to a local area (20-30 mile radius). Correction/integrity information broadcast over VHF frequency in the 108-117.975 MHz ARNS band. Foreseen uses include CAT I/II/III landings and a positioning service to support RNAV operations in the terminal area. Australia currently obtaining a system for installation at Sydney, planned to be operational in 2008. Pseudolite GBAS Reference Station (Integrity Accuracy Availability) Processor GNSS Receiver VHF Transmitter Monitor Status Pseudolite

Planned GNSS Modernization Addition of satellite constellations Galileo, additional GLONASS satellites Improves user availability Addition of civil signals 1164-1215 MHz band Facilitates user ionospheric corrections Possible broadcast of integrity signal May limit need for external augmentations Increased power, improved coding Better resistance to interference

GNSS Frequency Bands Frequency (MHz) Function 108-117.975 GBAS/GRAS broadcast link 1164-1215 GPS L5, Galileo E5, future SBAS, GLONASS L3 1215-1240 GPS L2 (site-by-site ground use only) 1559-1610 SBAS, GPS L1, GLONASS, Galileo E1 Currently most of GNSS occurs in 1559-1610 MHz with GBAS broadcast in the upper part of the VHF navigation band. As noted in previous slides, the 1215-1240 MHz band is used at SBAS ground reference stations to enable ionospheric corrections. At this point the L2 signal cannot be reliably used in aircraft as the band is not controlled by aviation and is heavily used for radar. Ground use can be protected on a site-by-site basis. The signal corrections and integrity information for SBAS are transmitted in the 1559-1610 MHz band. Future GNSS modernization will result in the addition of new civil signals in the 1164-1215 MHz band. These signals, available to civil users and occurring in frequency bands with allocations identical to those in 1559-1610 MHz, will allow airborne users to perform their own ionospheric corrections.

Spectrum Issues GNSS signals are very weak ~ 50,000 times weaker than the minimum specified edge-of-coverage DME signal Aviation spectrum managers must be constantly watching to ensure spectrum incursion from in-band/adjacent band systems does not cause interference. One example: ITU Footnotes 5.355 and 5.359 Allow fixed service in GNSS bands in some countries Countries encouraged to remove their names from the footnotes. 5.355 Additional allocation:  in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malta, Qatar, Syrian Arab Republic, Somalia, Sudan, Chad, Togo and Yemen, the bands 1 540-1 559 MHz, 1 610-1 645.5 MHz and 1 646.5-1 660 MHz are also allocated to the fixed service on a secondary basis.     (WRC‑03) 5.359 Additional allocation:  in Germany, Saudi Arabia, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Spain, France, Gabon, Georgia, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Mauritania, Moldova, Mongolia, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Poland, Syrian Arab Republic, Kyrgyzstan, the Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea, Romania, the Russian Federation, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkmenistan and Ukraine, the bands 1 550-1 559 MHz, 1 610-1 645.5 MHz and 1 646.5-1 660 MHz are also allocated to the fixed service on a primary basis. Administrations are urged to make all practicable efforts to avoid the implementation of new fixed-service stations in these bands.     (WRC‑03)