1. Tripp Corbin, CFM, GISP CEO eGIS Associates, Inc. Relationships Matter

2. What is GNSS? Global Navigation Satellite Systems Any collection of Satellites which can be used to determine location on Earth 2

3. Current Active GNSS GPS – US GLONASS – Russian Galileo – European Union Compass - China 3

4. GNSS Basics Location Determined based on Distance – Trilateration Distance based on time Typically need at least 4 Satellites for a position Errors Caused by Clock differences Atmosphere Multipath Satellite Geometry 4

5. Global Positioning System - US Navstar - Full operational constellation in 1994 WGS 84 Datum 31 Active Satellites 3-4 Decommissioned Satellites 6 Orbit altitude of 12,000 miles 2 Frequencies at about 50 watts L1 C/A & P – 1575.42 MHz L2 P(Y) - 1227.60 MHz 5

6. GLONASS - Russian Global Navigation Satellite System Operational with 24 satellites in 1995 System declined from 1996 to early 2000s Rebirth 2000s to present (2011 at 24 again) 19,000KM orbit 24 active satellites, 3 on-orbit spares, 1 in maintenance, 1 in flight test phase 3 launched in July 2013 destroyed in launch crash Future funding in question 6

7. GLONASS – Frequency & more Each Satellite has its own Two Bands L1 – 1602.56 MHz to 1615.5 MHz L2 – 1240 MHz to 1260 MHz Frequency Division Multiple Access CDMA with L3 in 2011 (1202.25 MHz) Signal Strength equal to GPS PZ-1990 Datum – Earth Centered (16in ± from WGS 84) 7

8. Galileo – European Union 4 Active Satellites 2 satellites launched Oct 21, 2011 2 launched on Oct 12, 2012 Full 30 Satellite Constellation by 2019 Galileo Firsts Galileo only post processed position – Jan 6, 2013 Galileo only real time position – March 12, 2013 24 Operational Satellites by 2016 8

9. Galileo – Frequency & More 4 Bands E1 – 1575.42 MHz (Same as GPS L1) E5a – 1176.45 MHz (Same as GPS L5) E5b – 1207.14 MHz E6 – 1278.75 MHz Full 30 Satellite Constellation by 2019 Galileo Firsts Galileo only post processed position – Jan 6, 2013 Galileo only real time position – March 12, 2013 24 Operational Satellites by 2016 9

10. Compass (aka Beidou-2) - China China-sponsored military and civilian system 14 Satellites in operation Coverage area limited 35 Satellites when complete Same Freqs as Galileo Patent issues with Galileo 10 2007 2012

11. Regional GNSS Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) - India Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) – Japan 11

12. Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) - India First satellite launched in 2013 Will consist of 7 Satellites by 2015 4 in Geosynchronous 3 in Geostationary Limited coverage Frequencies L5 – 1176.45 MHz S – 2492.08 MHz 12

13. Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) - Japan Authorized in 2002 4 Satellites by 2018 7 Satellites total First launched in Sept 2010 Augment other systems 13

14. Future of GPS New Satellites More Frequencies Civilian use More signals & codes Civilian Military Indoor GPS 14

15. New Civilian Frequencies Allow improved atmospheric correction Faster signal and position acquisition Increased signal strength L2C Introduced in 2005 on Block IIR-M Satellites Same Frequency as L2 P(Y) Not encrypted L5 – aka Safety of Life Introduced in 2010 on Block IIF Satellites In future can carry more data than others Higher power transmission than L2C Not encrypted 15

16. New Civilian Frequencies L1C Increases GPS compatibility with other GNSS Higher power than L1 C/A Still compatible with older GPS receivers Deployed on Block III satellites (2014) Full support of new Frequencies (24 Satellites) L2C – 2016 (about 10 right now) L5 – 2019 (about 4 right now) L1C – 2020 (none right now) 16

17. New Block III GPS Satellites Lockheed Martin Up to 32 will be purchased First launch in 2014 Frequency Capability L1 C/A & L1C L2 P(Y) & L2C L5 New M code with Directional Antenna Harder to Jam 17

18. New CNAV Messages Transmitted on L2C & L5 First test June 15-29, 2013 15 Message types such as: 10 & 11 – Ephemeris 12 – Reduce Almanac (7 Satellites at a time) 13 – Clock differential correction 14 – Ephemeris Correction 30 – Clock & Ionosphere correction Means improved performance, redundancy, and improved interference mitigation 18

19. Questions Tripp Corbin, CFM, GISP tcorbin@egisassociates.com 678-710-9710 Ext 21 19