Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Classical Greece, BCE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Early Development of Greek Society Minoan Society  Island of Crete  Major city: Knossos C BCE center of maritime trade Scholars unable to decipher Linear A script

Crete: Minoan Civilization (Palace at Knossos)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Decline of Minoan Society Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCE  Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves Foreign invasions Foreign domination by 1100 BCE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Mycenaean Society Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, c BCE Influenced by Minoan culture* Linear B Major settlement: Mycenae Military expansion throughout region

The Mycenaean Civilization

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean Trojan war, c BCE  Homer’s The Iliad  Sequel: The Odyssey Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCE Mycenaean civilization disappears

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Age of Homer Iliad*& Odyssey-(values of ancient)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Homer –blind poet Troy

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Achilles –Trojan Horse

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Phalanx

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 The Polis City-state Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas Highly independent character  Monarchies  “Tyrannies”, not necessarily oppressive  Early Democracies

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Sparta Highly militarized society Subjugated peoples: helots  Serfs, tied to land  Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6 th c. BCE Military society developed to control threat of rebellion

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Spartan Society Austerity the norm Boys removed from families at age seven  Received military training in barracks  Active military service follows Marriage, but no home life until age 30 Some relaxation of discipline by 4 th c. CE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Acropolis Today

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Parthenon

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Athens Development of early democracy  Free, adult males only, citizens  Women, slaves excluded Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Athenian Society Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning 7 th c. BCE Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders Increasing socio-economic tensions  Class conflict

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Solon and Athenian Democracy Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis  Aristocrats to keep large landholdings  But forgive debts, ban debt slavery Removed family restrictions against participating in public life Instituted paid civil service

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Pericles Ruled BCE High point of Athenian democracy Aristocratic but popular Massive public works Encouraged cultural development

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Greek Colonization Population expansion drives colonization  Coastal Mediterranean, Black sea Sicily (Naples: “nea polis,” new city) Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles) Anatolia Southern Ukraine

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin BCE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Effects of Greek Colonization Trade throughout region Communication of ideas  Language, culture Political and social effects

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Persian Wars ( BCE) Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia Athens supports with ships Yet Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE; routed in 490 Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as well

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Leonidas/Immortals

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Leonidas- Xerxes

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Persian Wars-Sparta vs Xersex

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Battle at Salamis-Greek ships

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 The Delian League Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks Led by Athens  Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion  Resented by other poleis

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 The Peloponnesian War Civil war in Greece, BCE Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta Athens forced to surrender But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Kingdom of Macedon Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus King Philip II (r BCE) builds massive military 350 BCE encroaches on Greek poleis to the south, controls region by 338 BCE

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Alexander the Great

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Alexander of Macedon “the Great,” son of Philip II Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin Invasion of Persia successful Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutinied

Alexander the Great in Persia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Alexander's Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 The Hellenistic Empires After Alexander’s death, competition for empire Divided by generals  Antigonus: Greece and Macedon  Ptolemy: Egypt  Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire Economic integration, Intellectual cross- fertilization

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 40 The Antigonid Empire Smallest of Hellenistic Empires Local dissent Issue of land distribution  Heavy colonizing activity

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 41 The Ptolemaic Empire Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires Established state monopolies  Textiles  Salt  Beer Capital: Alexandria  Important port city  Major museum, library

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 42 The Seleucid Empire Massive colonization of Greeks Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India  Bactria  Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 43 Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes Colonies further trade Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 44 Panhellenic Festivals Useful for integrating far-flung colonies Olympic Games begin 776 BCE Sense of collective identity

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 46 Patriarchal Society Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes Limited exposure in public sphere Sparta partial exception Sappho Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 47 Slavery Scythians (Ukraine) Nubians (Africa) Chattel Sometimes used in business Opportunity to buy freedom

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 48 The Greek Language Borrowed Phoenician alphabet Added vowels Complex language Allowed for communication of abstract ideas  Philosophy

The Glory that was Greece  “We cultivate the mind”  “We are lovers of the beautiful, yet simple in our tastes”  Philosophers= lovers of wisdom- used observation and reason  Logic = rational thinking, find laws that governed universe  Rhetoric = the art of skillful speaking

SOCRATES  Socratic Methods= pose questions then challenge students to examine the implications of their answers  Helped seek truth and self knowledge  Western Civ.Education Based on Socratic method  Trial-corruption of youth

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 51 Socrates ( BCE) The Socratic Method Human nature Honor Student: Plato Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality Forced to drink hemlock

 'Wars, factions, and fighting,' said Socrates as he looked forward from his last hour, 'have no other origin than this same body and its lusts.... We must set the soul free from it; we must behold things as they are. And having thus got rid of the foolishness of the body, we shall be pure and hold converse with the pure, and shall in our own selves have complete knowledge of the Incorruptible which is, I take it, no other than the very truth.' (Socrates).

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 53 Plato ( BCE) Systematized Socratic thought The Republic  Philosopher kings  Theory of Forms/Ideas

Plato- The Academy “The Republic”  Through rational thought he argued, people could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect beauty, and learn how best to organize society  State should regulate every aspect of citizens lives in order to provide for their best  Three classes

1.Workers to provide the necessities of life 2.Soldiers to defend the state 3.Philosophers to rule The elite class would be trained to ensure order and justice Plato thought that, in general men surpassed women in mental and physical tasks, but some women superior to some men Talented women should be educated to serve state

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 56 Aristotle ( BCE) Student of Plato Broke with Theory of Forms/Ideas Emphasis on empirical findings, reason with senses Massive impact on western thought  “the master of those who know”

Aristotle  Suspicious of democracy, because could lead to mob rule- favored rule by strong and virtuous leader  Good conduct = “golden mean” or moderate course between extremes  He promote reason as the guiding force for learning  Set up school at Lyceum- study all knowledge

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 58 Greek Theology Polytheism Zeus principal god Religious cults  Eleusinian mysteries  The Bacchae  Rituals eventually domesticated

Greek Drama-myths First plays evolved out of religious festivals  Tragedy = plays that told stories of human suffering, usually ended in disaster  Comedy = humorous plays that mocked people or customs

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 60 Tragic Drama Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals Major playwrights (5 th c. BCE)  Aeschylus  Sophocles  Euripides Comedy: Aristophanes

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 61 Hellenistic Philosophies Epicureans  Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists Skeptics  Doubted possibility of certainty in anything Stoics  Duty, virtue  Emphasis on inner peace  Universal family