Environmental Research and Services for Megacities World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water WMO Environmental Research and Services for Megacities Liisa Jalkanen, Atmospheric Environment Research (AER) Division WMO Secretariat www.wmo.int 1

Megacities at Congress XVI Megacities: face multiple weather hazards and air pollution problems, causing health, environmental and economical impacts. CAS President Cg Documents GAW and GURME Cg-XVI 3.2 PWS Cg-XVI Cg-XVI 4.1 Project proposal (4.5.3.59) in Compendium for voluntary budget Side meeting

WMO Congress XVI CAS FUTURE ORIENTATIONS Question CAS President: What are the significant technical, social and environmental stressors which will drive the demand for more accurate and user friendly environmental assessments and predictions?

Reply: CLIMATE CHANGE POPULATION GROWTH AND URBANIZATION

Growing Urban Population (Billion)

WMO increasing focus: Megacities GAW Doc Cg XVI Para 3.2.22 Need focus on large urban areas both for meteorological and air quality research → applications → services Activities should be aimed at: (i) development of strategies for megacities to deal with weather, climate and environmental problems and improvement of related services; (ii) enhancement of environmental monitoring and modelling capabilities; and (iii) establishment of case studies for understanding air pollution, health and climate connections in different types of megacities.

PWS Cg-XVI 4.1 Many challenges: severe weather, air pollution, water quality; domino effects. Climate info and services for planning and long-term infrastructure building Weather info and services to respond to needs in handling severe and high-impact events. Need partnerships; improved communication and client relations. Required Coordinated effort across broad spectrum of activities, e.g. PWS, GDPFS, AER, WWR; WHO. CBS and CAS to provide collaborative leadership.

GURME experience Climate change air pollution interactions Need to consider all scales

Example of GURME project: Latin American Cities Improvement of AQ forecasting in Latin American cities through capacity building First Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for the Latin American Cities October, 2003, Santiago, Chile; Workshop on application of WRF/Chem Model and Use of Remote sensing, 2006, Sao Paulo Training Workshop on AQF for Latin American countries, 2006, Lima Air Quality Modeling for Latin America, August 2009, Mexico City Workshop on SLCFs for Latin America, Sept 2011, Mexico City NMHSs - Universities - Environmental Agencies Santiago, Chile Sao Paulo, Brazil Mexico City, Mexico

WEATHER AND AIR QUALITY FORECASTING C W G -2 0 1 0 WEATHER AND AIR QUALITY FORECASTING Brought to you by Ministry of Earth Sciences Govt. of India IITM, Pune In Association with OC-CWG GURME Pilot Project Air Quality IITM, Pune Weather IMD, New Delhi PI: Gufran Beig

SAFAR Components for CWG This SAFAR project involved 4 components to facilitate the current and 24h to 48h advance forecasting, namely, (1) The development of high resolution emission inventory of air pollutants for NCR and defining air quality index for India. (2) Network of eleven Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMS) equipped with instruments to provide near real time air quality information. (CO,CO2,O3,NO,Nox,NO2, BTX,O3,PM2.5,PM10,BC) (3) The 3-D atmospheric chemistry transport forecasting modeling coupled with weather forecasting model to provide forecast of air pollutant levels. (4) (a) Display the information on LED and LCD screens located at 20 different locations in Delhi in a public friendly format and (b) displaying the online detailed information through the Web portal developed for CWG as: http://safar.tropmet.res.in/.

Another example: Shanghai MHEWS Shanghai is a mega-city situated on the shores of the East China Sea and the Yangtze River Mouth dense population: 20 million rapid economic development: aiming to be the economic, financial, trade, and transportation center of China. Threat of Multi-Hazard to Shanghai: frequently affected by natural hazards such as typhoons and associated marine hazards such as storm surge, heavy storms, heavy fog, heat-waves, and by atmospheric pollution episodes

Shanghai MHEWS Project components Reported at Cg in WMO President’s document Demonstration project (WENS) on the application of nowcasting to Public Weather Service delivery The Typhoon Landfall Forecast Demonstration Project (TLFDP) supported by WWRP and TCP GURME demonstration project on air pollution Heat and Health Warning System (HHWS) demonstration project and intercomparison Project for the development of the MHEWS programme governance, institutional coordination mechanisms and community preparedness.

GURME Pilot Project part of MHEWS Shanghai (EXPO-2010) Enhanced observing system Enhanced air quality & weather forecasting (& heat waves) Field experiment (joint with NCAR) Workshop activities

Meteorological services for public health Meteorological measurements (temperature, wind, humidity, pressure, cloud, etc) Heat wave and cold spell forecast UV forecast Ozone forecast UV radiation Atmospheric chemistry observation (O3, NOX, CO, SO2, aerosols) Haze forecast Observations Forecast models Pollen forecast Bacterial Food Poisoning Pollen measurements (open plat method, Microscope filter) Based on various measurements (meteorological measurements, environmental observations and diseases diagnostic) We establish forecast models and supply … to the public. Through those services, individuals especially sensitive groups will take effective actions to keep them well. In expo period, we have made some new progress in health forecast, World Expo 2010 is one of the most important activities for Shanghai, to enable tourists to better visit the World Expo, we provide special meteorological health service (heat-index, sunstroke, diarrhea forecast) in expo area. Influenza forecast Heat index, Sunstoke, and Diarrhea forecast for EXPO 2010 Bacterial food poisoning, Influenza,Heatstroke, Trauma, Diarrhea diagnostic SporeWatch electronic spore & pollen sampler 17

An Extension of Shanghai GURME project on urban meteorological observations, first meeting of advisory team in December 2011.

Sand and Dust Storms

The WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning, Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS) A Global Consortium Helping Society Reduce Risk Through Research, Assessments and Forecasts IMPACTS: Human Health, Agriculture, Marine productivity, Weather and Climate, Aviation SDS-WAS 40 WMO Members interested in the initiative ~ 15 institutions running research operational dust model forecasts 2 SDS-WAS modes (in China and Spain) established to coordinate regional cooperation Joint GAW and WWRP initiative SDS integrates observations, models and delivers products to users

Heavy sand storm in Minqin County, northwest of China's Gansu Province. Sand covered about one-eighth of China from April 14 to 18, 2006 and about 330,000 tons of sand fell in Beijing on Sunday night April 10.

Heat waves cause excess deaths, large portion due to air pollution Heat wave in Europe summer 2003: 70 000 extra deaths, about 20 – 38 % due to air pollution More ozone: High T favors production of O3 Low RH reduces destruction of O3 Less dry removal through vegetation (T, no precipitation) Biogenic precursor emissions higher (isoprene) Stable meteorological situation with no clouds (containment of pollutants and favorable for photochemistry) AQ forecasts and Heat Health Early Warnings (HHEW)

EU, COST, IGAC collaboration MEGAPOLI Project COST Actions 728 Mesoscale for AP and Dispersion Applications: Several joint publications 0602 Chemical weather 0603 Allergenic pollen 1004 European framework for online integrated air quality and meteorology modelling (EuMetChem) IGAC-WMO Megacity Report

MeteoWorld Pavilion, World Expo 2010 Shanghai Better City Better Life Pavillion Theme: Safety and well-being of the people Collaboration critical for success! This one is the back elevation of the pavilion. A Contour- Design Description of the Pavilion “Cloud Droplets”