7.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources MANAGING DATA DATARESOURCES

7.2 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Why do businesses have trouble finding the information they need in their information systems?Why do businesses have trouble finding the information they need in their information systems? How does a database management system help businesses improve the organization of their information?How does a database management system help businesses improve the organization of their information? continued OBJECTIVES

7.3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources How do the principal types of database models affect the way businesses can access and use information?How do the principal types of database models affect the way businesses can access and use information? What are the managerial and organizational requirements of a data- base environment?What are the managerial and organizational requirements of a data- base environment? What new tools and technologies can make databases more accessible and useful?What new tools and technologies can make databases more accessible and useful? OBJECTIVES (continued)

7.4 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources SINGAPORE’S TOURISM BOARD LEARNS TO MANAGE ITS DATA

7.5 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 1.Organizational obstacles to a database environment - Need for organizational change - Challenges existing power arrangements  political resistance - Must take into account FULL organizational interests 2.Integrating data and ensuring data quality - Long-term costs process - merging, cleaning, standardizing MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

7.6 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources File Organization Terms and Concepts Bit : Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1) Byte : Group of bits that represents a single character Field : Group of words or a complete number Record : Group of related fields File : Group of records of same type Database : Group of related files 7.1 ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

7.7 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources File Organization Terms and Concepts 7.1 ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

7.8 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Entity: Person, place, thing, event about which information is maintainedEntity: Person, place, thing, event about which information is maintained Attribute: Description of a particular entityAttribute: Description of a particular entity Key Field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update, sort a recordKey Field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update, sort a record File Organization Terms and Concepts 7.1 ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

7.9 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.1 ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT File Organization Terms and Concepts

7.10 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.1 ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT Data redundancyData redundancy Program-data dependenceProgram-data dependence Lack of flexibilityLack of flexibility Poor securityPoor security Lack of data-sharing and availabilityLack of data-sharing and availability Problems with the Traditional File Environment

7.11 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.1 ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT Problems with the Traditional File Environment

7.12 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Database A collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by storing and managing data so they appear to be at one locationA collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by storing and managing data so they appear to be at one location Database Management System (DBMS)

7.13 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT The Database Management System (DBMS) A software packageA software package Creates and maintains databasesCreates and maintains databases Eliminates requirement for data definition statementsEliminates requirement for data definition statements Acts as interface between application programs and physical data filesActs as interface between application programs and physical data files Separates logical and physical views of dataSeparates logical and physical views of data Database Management System (DBMS)

7.14 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

7.15 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Components of a Database Data Definition Language:Data Definition Language: –Specifies content and structure of database and defines each data element Data Manipulation Language:Data Manipulation Language: –Manipulates data in a database –SQL (Structured Query Language) is standard Data Dictionary:Data Dictionary: –Stores definitions of data elements, and data characteristics 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Database Management System (DBMS)

7.16 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Database Management System (DBMS)

7.17 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Types of Databases Relational DBMSRelational DBMS Hierarchical and Network DBMSHierarchical and Network DBMS Object-Oriented DatabasesObject-Oriented Databases 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

7.18 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Relational DBMS Represents data as two-dimensional tables called relationsRepresents data as two-dimensional tables called relations Relates data across tables based on common data elementRelates data across tables based on common data element Rows or records are called “tuples”Rows or records are called “tuples” Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL ServerExamples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Types of Databases

7.19 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Types of Databases

7.20 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Three Basic Operations in a Relational DBMS Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteriaSelect: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria Join: Combines relational tables to provide users with informationJoin: Combines relational tables to provide users with information Project: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant informationProject: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant information 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Types of Databases

7.21 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Types of Databases

7.22 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Hierarchical DBMS Organizes data in a tree-like structureOrganizes data in a tree-like structure Supports one-to-many parent-child relationshipsSupports one-to-many parent-child relationships Prevalent in large legacy systemsPrevalent in large legacy systems 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Types of Databases

7.23 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Types of Databases

7.24 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Network DBMS Depicts data logically as many-to-many relationshipsDepicts data logically as many-to-many relationships Types of Databases

7.25 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Disadvantages of Hierarchical and Network Databases OutdatedOutdated Less flexible than RDBMSLess flexible than RDBMS Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queriesLack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queries Types of Databases

7.26 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Object-Oriented DBMSObject-Oriented DBMS –Stores data and procedures as objects that can be retrieved and shared automatically –The objects can contain multimedia Object-Relational DBMSObject-Relational DBMS –Provides capabilities of both object-oriented and relational DBMS 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Types of Databases

7.27 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Querying Databases: Elements of SQL 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Basic SQL Commands: SELECT: Specifies columns …SELECT: Specifies columns … where the data will be taken from. What attributes do you need? FROM: Identifies tables or views …FROM: Identifies tables or views … or where the attributes are stored WHERE: Specifies conditions …WHERE: Specifies conditions … what you want to look at

7.28 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Querying Databases: Elements of SQL 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

7.29 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Querying Databases: Elements of SQL 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

7.30 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Querying Databases: Elements of SQL 7.2 THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

7.31 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Conceptual Design: Abstract model of database from a business perspectiveConceptual Design: Abstract model of database from a business perspective Physical Design: Detailed description of business information needsPhysical Design: Detailed description of business information needs Designing Databases 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.32 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Entity-Relationship (ER) DiagramEntity-Relationship (ER) Diagram –Methodology for documenting databases illustrating relationships between database entities NormalizationNormalization –Process of creating small stable data structures from complex groups of data Designing Databases 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.33 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Designing Databases 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.34 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Designing Databases 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.35 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Designing Databases 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.36 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Centralized Database Used by single central processor or multiple processors in client/server networkUsed by single central processor or multiple processors in client/server network Distributed Database Stored in more than one physical locationStored in more than one physical location Partitioned databasePartitioned database Duplicated databaseDuplicated database Distributing Databases 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.37 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Distributing Databases 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.38 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Management Requirements for Database Systems Key Elements in a Database Environment Data AdministrationData Administration Data Planning and Modelling MethodologyData Planning and Modelling Methodology Database Technology and Management and UsersDatabase Technology and Management and Users 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.39 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Management Requirements for Database Systems 7.3 CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

7.40 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Multidimensional Data Analysis On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) Multidimensional data analysisMultidimensional data analysis Supports manipulation and analysis of large volumes of data from multiple dimensions/perspectivesSupports manipulation and analysis of large volumes of data from multiple dimensions/perspectives 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.41 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Multidimensional Data Analysis 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.42 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Data Warehouse Supports reporting and query toolsSupports reporting and query tools Stores current and historical dataStores current and historical data Consolidates data for management analysis and decision makingConsolidates data for management analysis and decision making Data Warehouses and Datamining 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.43 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Data Warehouses and Datamining 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.44 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Data Mart Subset of data warehouseSubset of data warehouse Contains summarized or highly focused portion of data for a specified function or group of usersContains summarized or highly focused portion of data for a specified function or group of users Data Warehousing and Datamining 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.45 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Datamining Tools for analyzing large pools of dataTools for analyzing large pools of data Find hidden patterns and infer rules to guide decision-making and predict future behaviourFind hidden patterns and infer rules to guide decision-making and predict future behaviour Data Warehousing and Datamining 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.46 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Data Warehousing and Datamining 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.47 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Improved and easy accessibility to informationImproved and easy accessibility to information Ability to model and remodel the dataAbility to model and remodel the data Benefits of Data Warehouses 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.48 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Databases and the Web The Web and Hypermedia Databases Organizes data as network of nodesOrganizes data as network of nodes Links nodes in pattern specified by userLinks nodes in pattern specified by user Supports text, graphics, sound, video and executable programsSupports text, graphics, sound, video and executable programs 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.49 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Databases and the Web 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.50 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Linking Internal Databases to the Web Database ServerDatabase Server –Computer in a client/server environment runs a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasks Application ServerApplication Server –Software handling all application operations Databases and the Web 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.51 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Databases and the Web 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.52 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Databases and the Web 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.53 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources Databases and the Web 7.4 DATABASE TRENDS

7.54 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 7: Managing Data Resources MANAGING DATA DATARESOURCES