1. Managing Data Resources
Chapter 7

2. Data hierarchy Bit Byte Field Record File
Database – a group of related files

3. Basic data concepts
An entity is a person, place, thing or event on which we maintain information, for example, a student record
An attribute is a field describing a characteristic or quality of an entity, for example, student name
A key field is an identifier field

4. Traditional File Environment
Manually create several different data management programs
As compared with modern database management systems, traditional file environment has many problems.

5. Problems with the traditional file environment
Data redundancy and confusion
Program-data dependence
Lack of flexibility
Poor security
Lack of data-sharing and availability

6. The database environment
Avoid problems happened in the traditional file environment
A single database serves multiple applications and also easily allow users to draw together all the information for other applications
The database management system acts as the interface between the application programs and the data
But is much more expensive and need professional management
Can rent it through application software providers (ASP)

7. Components of a DBMS A data definition language
A data manipulation language
A data dictionary

8. A data definition language
Is used to specify the content and structure of the database
Define each data element

9. A data manipulation language
Is used to manipulate data in the database for some application through some application software
Structured query language, or SQL, is a famous data manipulation language

10. Data dictionary
An automated or manual file that stores definition of data elements and data characteristics such as usage, physical representation, ownership, authorization and security

11. Database trends
OLAP vs. OLTP – On line transaction processing does not analyze data using multidimensional data analysis called on line analytical processing
Data warehouses are databases that store current and historical data of potential interest to managers throughout the company

12. Benefits of data warehouses
Improved information
Easy access
The ability to model and remodel the data in the warehouse
Uses OLAP and datamining to help refocus businesses

13. Linking internal DB to the web
Legacy system
Middle ware
SQL
Application server customer program
Internet
Web browser

14. Key organizational elements in the database environment
Data administration
Data planning and modeling methodology
Database technology and management
users

15. Data administration Data as an organizational resource
Administration means to develop information policy, to plan for data including overseeing database design and monitoring how information system specialists and end-users use data
The head of it is called CIO

16. Database administration
Define and organize database structure and content
Develop security procedures to safeguard the database
Develop database documentation
Maintains the database management software