1. 7.1 © 2003 by Prentice Hall 7 7 MANAGING DATA DATARESOURCES Chapter

2. 7.2 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Why do businesses have trouble finding the information they need in their information systems?Why do businesses have trouble finding the information they need in their information systems? How does a database management system help businesses improve the organization of their information?How does a database management system help businesses improve the organization of their information? Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources OBJECTIVES

3. 7.3 © 2003 by Prentice Hall How do the principal types of database models affect the way businesses can access and use information?How do the principal types of database models affect the way businesses can access and use information? What are the managerial and organizational requirements of a data- base environment?What are the managerial and organizational requirements of a data- base environment? What new tools and technologies can make databases more accessible and useful?What new tools and technologies can make databases more accessible and useful? OBJECTIVES Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources

4. 7.4 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Organizational obstacles to a database environmentOrganizational obstacles to a database environment Cost/benefit considerationsCost/benefit considerations MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources

5. 7.5 © 2003 by Prentice Hall File Organization Terms and Concepts Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1) Byte: Group of bits that represents a single characterByte: Group of bits that represents a single character Field: Group of words or a complete numberField: Group of words or a complete number Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

6. 7.6 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Record: Group of related fieldsRecord: Group of related fields File: Group of records of same typeFile: Group of records of same type Database: Group of related filesDatabase: Group of related files Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources File Organization Terms and Concepts ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

7. 7.7 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Data Hierarchy in a Computer System Figure 7-1 ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

8. 7.8 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Entity: Person, place, thing, event about which information is maintainedEntity: Person, place, thing, event about which information is maintained Attribute: Description of a particular entityAttribute: Description of a particular entity Key field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update, sort a recordKey field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update, sort a record Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources File Organization Terms and Concepts ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

9. 7.9 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Figure 7-2 Entitities and Attributes ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

10. 7.10 © 2003 by Prentice Hall ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT Data redundancyData redundancy Program-Data dependenceProgram-Data dependence Lack of flexibilityLack of flexibility Poor securityPoor security Lack of data-sharing and availabilityLack of data-sharing and availability Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Problems with the Traditional File Environment

11. 7.11 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Traditional File Processing Figure 7-3 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

12. 7.12 © 2003 by Prentice Hall THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Creates and maintains databasesCreates and maintains databases Eliminates requirement for data definition statementsEliminates requirement for data definition statements Acts as interface between application programs and physical data filesActs as interface between application programs and physical data files Separates logical and design views of dataSeparates logical and design views of data Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Database Management System (DBMS)

13. 7.13 © 2003 by Prentice Hall The Contemporary Database Environment Figure 7-4 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

14. 7.14 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Components of DBMS Data definition language: Specifies content and structure of database and defines each data elementData definition language: Specifies content and structure of database and defines each data element Data manipulation language:Data manipulation language: Manipulates data in a database Data dictionary: Stores definitions of data elements, and data characteristicsData dictionary: Stores definitions of data elements, and data characteristics Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

15. 7.15 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Sample Data Dictionary Report THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Figure 7-5

16. 7.16 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Types of Databases Relational DBMSRelational DBMS Hierarchical and Network DBMSHierarchical and Network DBMS Object-Oriented DatabasesObject-Oriented Databases Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

17. 7.17 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Relational DBMS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Represents data as two-dimensional tables called relationsRepresents data as two-dimensional tables called relations Relates data across tables based on common data elementRelates data across tables based on common data element Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL ServerExamples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

18. 7.18 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Figure 7-6 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Relational Data Model THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

19. 7.19 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteriaSelect: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria Join: Combines relational tables to provide users with informationJoin: Combines relational tables to provide users with information Project: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant informationProject: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant information THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

20. 7.20 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Figure 7-7 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database

21. 7.21 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Hierarchical and Network DBMS Hierarchical DBMS Organizes data in a tree-like structureOrganizes data in a tree-like structure Supports one-to-many parent-child relationshipsSupports one-to-many parent-child relationships Prevalent in large legacy systemsPrevalent in large legacy systems Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

22. 7.22 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Hierarchical DBMS Figure 7-8 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

23. 7.23 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Hierarchical and Network DBMS Network DBMS Depicts data logically as many-to-many relationshipsDepicts data logically as many-to-many relationships Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

24. 7.24 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Figure 7-9 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Network DBMS THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

25. 7.25 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Disadvantages OutdatedOutdated Less flexible compared to RDBMSLess flexible compared to RDBMS Lack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queriesLack support for ad-hoc and English language-like queries Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Hierarchical and Network DBMS THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

26. 7.26 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Object-oriented DBMS: Stores data and procedures as objects that can be retrieved and shared automaticallyObject-oriented DBMS: Stores data and procedures as objects that can be retrieved and shared automatically Object-relational DBMS: Provides capabilities of both object-oriented and relational DBMSObject-relational DBMS: Provides capabilities of both object-oriented and relational DBMS Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Object-Oriented databases THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

27. 7.27 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Conceptual design: Abstract model of database from a business perspectiveConceptual design: Abstract model of database from a business perspective Physical design: Detailed description of business information needsPhysical design: Detailed description of business information needs CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Designing Databases

28. 7.28 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Entity-relationship diagram: Methodology for documenting databases illustrating relationships between database entitiesEntity-relationship diagram: Methodology for documenting databases illustrating relationships between database entities Normalization: Process of creating small stable data structures from complex groups of dataNormalization: Process of creating small stable data structures from complex groups of data Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT Designing Databases

29. 7.29 © 2003 by Prentice Hall An Entity-Relationship Diagram Figure 7-10 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

30. 7.30 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT An Unnormalized Relation of ORDER Figure 7-11

31. 7.31 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT An Normalized Relation of ORDER Figure 7-12

32. 7.32 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Centralized database Used by single central processor or multiple processors in client/server networkUsed by single central processor or multiple processors in client/server network Distributing Databases Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

33. 7.33 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Distributed database Stored in more than one physical locationStored in more than one physical location Partitioned databasePartitioned database Duplicated databaseDuplicated database Distributing Databases Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

34. 7.34 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Distributed Databases Figure 7-13 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

35. 7.35 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Management Requirements for Database Systems Key elements in a database environment: Data AdministrationData Administration Data Planning and Modeling MethodologyData Planning and Modeling Methodology Database Technology and ManagementDatabase Technology and Management UsersUsers Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

36. 7.36 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Figure 7-14 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources CREATING A DATABASE ENVIRONMENT Management Requirements for Database Systems

37. 7.37 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Multidimensional Data Analysis On-line analytical processing (OLAP) Multidimensional data analysisMultidimensional data analysis Supports manipulation and analysis of large volumes of data from multiple dimensions/perspectivesSupports manipulation and analysis of large volumes of data from multiple dimensions/perspectives Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources DATABASE TRENDS

38. 7.38 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Multidimensional Data Model Figure 7-15 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources DATABASE TRENDS

39. 7.39 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Data warehouse Supports reporting and query toolsSupports reporting and query tools Stores current and historical dataStores current and historical data Consolidates data for management analysis and decision makingConsolidates data for management analysis and decision making Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Data Warehousing and Datamining DATABASE TRENDS

40. 7.40 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Components of a Data Warehouse Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources DATABASE TRENDS Figure 7-16

41. 7.41 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Data mart Subset of data warehouseSubset of data warehouse Contains summarized or highly focused portion of data for a specified function or group of usersContains summarized or highly focused portion of data for a specified function or group of users Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Data Warehousing and Datamining DATABASE TRENDS

42. 7.42 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Datamining Tools for analyzing large pools of dataTools for analyzing large pools of data Find hidden patterns and infer rules to predict trendsFind hidden patterns and infer rules to predict trends Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Data Warehousing and Datamining DATABASE TRENDS

43. 7.43 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Improved and easy accessibility to informationImproved and easy accessibility to information Ability to model and remodel the dataAbility to model and remodel the data Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Benefits of Data Warehouses DATABASE TRENDS

44. 7.44 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Databases and the Web The Web and Hypermedia database Organizes data as network of nodesOrganizes data as network of nodes Links nodes in pattern specified by userLinks nodes in pattern specified by user Supports text, graphic, sound, video and executable programsSupports text, graphic, sound, video and executable programs DATABASE TRENDS

45. 7.45 © 2003 by Prentice Hall A Hypermedia Database Figure 7-17 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources DATABASE TRENDS

46. 7.46 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Database server Computer in a client/server environment runs a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasksComputer in a client/server environment runs a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasks Application server Software handling all application operationsSoftware handling all application operations Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources Databases and the Web DATABASE TRENDS

47. 7.47 © 2003 by Prentice Hall Linking Internal Databases to the Web Figure 7-18 Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 7 Managing Data Resources DATABASE TRENDS

48. 7.48 © 2003 by Prentice Hall 7 7 MANAGING DATA DATARESOURCES Chapter