PS210 History of Psychology Unit 8 Nichola Cohen Ph.D.

What is the difference between Psychoanalysis and the other schools of thought?

 Previous schools of thought  Experimental  Dealt with sensation, perception and learning  Psychoanalysis  Deals with abnormal behavior  Primary method was clinical observation, not experimentation  Deals with the unconscious

Prior to psychoanalysis, how did we deal with mental illness?

 Long held belief that people with mental illness were possessed by evil spirits. Treatment involved torture and execution  Around 15 th C they were punished for witchcraft  Around 18 th C they were viewed as irrational and confined to institutions  1800’s Philippe Pineal showed that talking to people about their problems could improve their condition – led to widespread study of mental illness  19 th C approaches to mental illness  Somatic approach – mental illness has a physical cause  Psychic approach – mental illness has an emotional cause

Sigmund Freud

 Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work

Sigmund Freud  Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work  Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother  Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer  Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc  Breuer treated her using catharsis

Sigmund Freud  Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work  Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother  Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer  Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc  Breuer treated her using catharsis  The process of eliminating an issue by recalling and expressing it  Developed the technique of free association

Sigmund Freud  Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work  Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother  Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer  Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc  Breuer treated her using catharsis  The process of eliminating an issue by recalling and expressing it  Developed the technique of free association  Patient says whatever comes to mind  To bring repressed memories into awareness

Sigmund Freud  Concepts of unconscious and sex central to his work  Oedipus complex – fear of the father and attraction to the mother  Influenced by the work of Joseph Breuer  Anna O suffered from paralysis, memory loss etc  Breuer treated her using catharsis  The process of eliminating an issue by recalling and expressing it  Developed the technique of free association  Patient says whatever comes to mind  To bring repressed memories into awareness  Memories excluded from consciousness  Freud thought they accounted for abnormal behavior

Id, ego and superego  Id

Id, ego and superego  Id  Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality)  Aligns with instincts  It’s purpose is to make you happy

Id, ego and superego  Id  Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality)  Aligns with instincts  It’s purpose is to make you happy  Superego

Id, ego and superego  Id  Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality)  Aligns with instincts  It’s purpose is to make you happy  Superego  Moral aspect of personality  Derived from rules we learn from parents and society  It’s purpose is to make you behave sensibly

Id, ego and superego  Id  Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality)  Aligns with instincts  It’s purpose is to make you happy  Superego  Moral aspect of personality  Derived from rules we learn from parents and society  It’s purpose is to make you behave sensibly  Ego

Id, ego and superego  Id  Corresponds to unconscious experience (least accessible part of personality)  Aligns with instincts  It’s purpose is to make you happy  Superego  Moral aspect of personality  Derived from rules we learn from parents and society  It’s purpose is to make you behave sensibly  Ego  Mediator between id and superego  Represents reason/rationality

Id, ego and superego

Why was Freud so heavily criticized?

 His work was heavily influenced by sexuality (particular sexuality in children) which was very unpopular  His work was non-scientific – it was based on observations and his own experience  He did not write transcripts of his notes, he would write them later  He had a small sample size (~ 12 cases)  Many of his ideas have not been supported scientifically

What valuable contributions did Freud make?

 The concept of the unconscious is very important in modern psychology  Many of his ideas have been scientifically supported (e.g. the idea that dreams reflect emotional concerns)  His work is thought to have played a large part in increased sexual freedom in the 20 th C  While Freudian psychotherapy is not popular anymore it led to the development of other approaches which remain popular.

Carl Jung  Analytical Psychology

Carl Jung  Analytical Psychology  Focus was on inner growth, rather than interpersonal relationships  He thought people were not only shaped by the past but by their future hopes and goals  Thought there were 2 levels to the unconscious mind  Personal unconscious – experiences from a persons life they have forgotten  Collective unconscious – contains experiences from previous generations  Introversion vs extraversion

How did later psychoanalysts differ from Freud?

 Less emphasis on sexual factors  More of a focus on conscious thoughts (although unconscious factors did remain popular)  Followers focused more on social and environmental influences on behavior

Humanistic Psychology

 The idea that we should study the best of people as well as the worst  Abraham Maslow  Hierarchy of needs