1. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is considered the father of psychodynamic theory. He tries to unravel the mystery of the psyche by structuring the mind into three levels, conscious, pre- conscious and unconscious.

2. The Conscious Mind Conscious deals with the part of our awareness in touch with the reality of our life. It explains our mental activity in which all thought processes occur.

3. The Preconscious Mind Pre-conscious is where information on our past experiences is stored away, but it is easily Retrievable

4. The Unconscious Level The unconscious is a reservoir of our inner states such as desire, wants, needs and motives. It is also storage of information of our painful past that is being repressed and cannot be accessed readily.

5. Structure of Personality Freud investigated the interplay of our conscious awareness, preconscious and unconscious to explain personality. He proposed a three-part personality structure consisting of the id the ego and the superego He posits that our personality is also a function of our past experiences

6. The ID The id operates on the pleasures principle. It is concerned with the gratification of basic instincts. The id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories

7. The Super-Ego The super-ego operates as a moral conscience, the norms and culture which taught us the do’s and don’ts acquired from our parents and society

8. The Ego The ego operates on the reality principles. It is the part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

9. Human Behavior Behavior is best explained through the interplay of the id, ego and superego in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind.

10. Human Neuroticism Human neuroticism also known as personality disorder is explained by investigating the part of the ego arising from the internal conflicts between the id and the Superego.

11. Human Neuroticism Internal conflicts occur because of the bad and bitter experiences of our past.

12. Human Neuroticism When our painful past is suppressed and depressed into our unconsciousness in our attempt to forget the painful past we leave psychological scars.

13. Carl Jung Carl Jung is a disciple of Sigmund Freud. He went against his teacher by modifying the three structure of the mind into two, the ego and the unconscious.

14. Carl Jung The ego represents the conscious mind. It comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions or anything a person is aware of. The ego is largely responsible for feelings of identity and continuity.

15. The Unconscious The unconscious is made up of personal unconscious and collective unconscious

16. Personal Unconscious Personal unconscious is anything which is not presently conscious, but can be. Personal unconscious represents the preconscious and unconscious of Freud. It explains the memories that are easily brought to mind and those that have been suppressed for some reason.

17. Collective Unconscious Collective unconscious is the part of the unconscious from our cultural heritage. It is the reservoir of our experiences as a human being, a kind of knowledge we are all born with and yet we can never be directly conscious of it

18. Personality The interplay of the ego with the personal and collective unconscious determines who we are.

19. Carl Jung Jung replaced the Freudian structure of personality with the processes of the psyche and its functions to explain human behavior. He developed four pairs of polar traits from the eight mental functions to interpret personality: Perceiving vs Judging: How people prefer to deal with the outer world? Sensing vs Intuition: How people prefer to take in information? Thinking vs Feeling: How people prefer to make decision? Extroversion vs Introversion: How people prefer to focus their attention and energy?

20. Carl Jung He sequences the 4 pairs of mental processes: Observable Behavior (Extroversion vs Introversion) Dominant Function (Sensing vs Intuition) Auxiliary Function (Thinking and Feeling) Inferior Function (Judging vs Perceiving)

21. Contributions of psychodynamic theories It provides us a sound understanding of the psyche in developing our personality. It contributes significantly to the treatment of abnormal behaviour.

22. Contributions of the Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic theories help us to understand the processes of the mind in predicting human differences

23. Contributions of the Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic Theory provides an explanation for human behaviour based on past and childhood experiences and the unconscious

24. Contributions of the Psychodynamic Theory It has led to many discoveries such as dream interpretation, psychotheraphy, defence mechanisms

25. Contributions of the Psychodynamic Theory Takes both nature and nurture into account. (Nature: id, ego and superego; nurture parent/childhood experieces)

26. Contributions of the Psychodynamic Theory Our past events influences our current behavior Our pleasurable past make us relatively healthy while our painful past makes us neurotic or relatively unhealthy in our mental disposition.

27. Contributions of the Psychodynamic Theory The discovery of psychotherapy to treat personality with psychological and mental disorders

28. Limitations of the Psychodynamic Theory It explains human behavior but cannot predict Personality types.

29. Limitations of the Psychodynamic Theory Its explanation of human behaviour is too simplistic. It does not include the biological and genetic component of human behavior.

30. Limitations of the Psychodynamic Theory Some concepts such as the level of consciousness and the structure of personality; id, ego and superego, are abstract and not based on empirical evidence.

31. Myer Briggs Myer Briggs uses the theoretical construct of Carl Jung to develop Myers Brigg Type Indicator (MBTI). She came out with human characteristics under the eight mental processes and four polar traits and classified human beings into 16 preferences.

32. Limitations of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) MBTI assumes behavior is stable and consistent. It is not sensitive to the environmental influences that may cause the behavior patterns to vary over time and across situations.

33. Limitations of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) It does not differentiate positive and negative behavior. Hence it is good only to predict positive behavior. Negative behavior are being left out

34. Limitations of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI Psychodynamic theories investigate the mind to predict human behavior. How the mind work is extremely complex.

35. Limitations of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Assuming your preference for the thinking type or the feeling type can be mooted. If an issue is important a person may think a lot before he makes a decision. If the issue is unimportant he may use his gut feeling.

36. Limitations of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Likewise being an extrovert or an introvert is on the situation basis. In the midst of very important people, a person may choose to be an introvert while in the midst of friends he may prefer to be an extrovert.

37. Limitations of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Use four pair of polar traits to predict human personality has its limitation. It is not inclusive of all the psychological traits.

38. Limitations of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) MBTI does not differentiate simple and complex human beings. It cannot predict personality whose behavioral patterns varies with situations.