C hapter Ten Life Span Development II © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

MORAL DEVELOPMENT © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kohlberg’s Theory Morality A sense of right and wrong Early emergence Cross-species evidence Three levels of moral development with two stages each Each stage is universal and in a set order In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging 10 times what the drug cost him. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could gather together only about $1000, half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No, I discovered the drug, and I’m going to make money from it.” So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. (Kohlberg, 1964, pp. 18–19) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. ANIMATION Kohlberg Stages of Moral Reasoning

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory Moral Reasoning versus Behavior Situational factors may be a better predictor of moral behavior than a person’s moral stage Cultural Differences May be more reflective of an individualistic culture Gender Bias May emphasize more typically male values © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Thomas and Chess’s Temperament Theory Temperament An individual’s innate disposition or behavioral style and characteristic emotional response Three Temperament Categories Most fit into one of these: Easy (40%)—relaxed and agreeable Difficult (10%)—overreactive and moody Slow to warm up (15%)—need time to adjust © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Individuals pass through eight developmental stages, each with a crisis to be resolved Difficult to scientifically assess Stage labels may be more appropriate for an individualistic culture © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: Stages 1–4 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: Stages 5–8 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF ADULTHOOD © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Committed Relationships What are your relationship expectations? Do you believe emotional closeness naturally develops if two people have the right chemistry? Have you unconsciously accepted the imbalance of power promoted by stereotypes or can you share power and disagree? Do you expect to change your partner or be able to resolve all your problems? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Committed Relationships What are your relationship expectations? Do you believe opposites attract? Do you believe that love conquers all? Do you believe that an intimate relationship is a place where you can indulge your bad moods and openly criticize one another? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Committed Relationships Marriage has many physical and mental-health benefits Realistic expectations are a key to success About half of marriages in the U.S. end in divorce Healthy divorces need to accomplish three tasks: let go, develop new social ties, redefine parental roles (if there are children involved) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Families Family Violence More likely if: Marital conflict Substance abuse Mental disorders Economic stress Socially isolated Poor communication and parenting skills Impulsivity Some resources: SAFE © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. WILEY VIDEO Maternal Separation

Families Teen Pregnancy and Parenthood Correlated with: Health risks for mother and child Lower educational achievement Depression Reduced with comprehensive education and health- oriented services © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Resiliency The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats Resilient children have: Good intellectual functioning Relationships with caring adults Ability to regulate attention, emotions, and behavior © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Work and Retirement Positive careers Work affects our health, relationships, leisure time, and residence Personality-job fit theory—a match between our personality and career is a major factor in job success and satisfaction © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Are You In the Right Job? © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Work and Retirement Activity Theory of Aging Successful aging is fostered by a full and active commitment to life Disengagement Theory of Aging Successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Work and Retirement Socioemotional Selectivity Theory of Aging A natural decline in social contact occurs as older adults become more selective with their time © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Work and Retirement Midlife Crisis Very rare © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

GRIEF AND DEATH © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Grief Four stages in “typical” grieving: Numbness Yearning Organization/Despair Resolution/Reorganization No one way or correct way to grieve Helpful Techniques: Recognize the loss and allow yourself to grieve Set up a daily activity schedule Seek help © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Attitudes Toward Death and Dying Vary among cultures and by age Death is understood in three concepts: Permanence Universality Nonfunctionality © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kubler-Ross’s Stage Theory of Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Criticized for not being scientifically validated and not reflecting individual differences © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Gender and Cultural Diversity: Understanding Development Individualistic Cultures Needs and goals of the individual are emphasized over the needs and goals of the group Define self through personality and occupation More likely to have ageism Collectivistic Cultures Needs and goals of the group are emphasized over the needs and goals of the individual Define self through social units More likely to show respect for elders © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Worldwide Ranking of Cultures © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.