Technology Final Review

What is Technology?  The process by which humans modify nature to meet their needs and wants.

Engineering Design Process 1. Identify the problem 2. Set goals 3. Gather Information 4. Define Alternative Solutions 5. Select the best solution 6. Implement the Solution

Technology Systems Model INPUT The command we give the system INPUT PROCESS The action part 7 Resources – People, Information, Materials, Tools and Machines, Capital, Energy, Time PROCESS The action part 7 Resources – People, Information, Materials, Tools and Machines, Capital, Energy, Time OUTPUT 4 Types: OUTPUT FEEDBACKFEEDBACK Expected and desired Expected and undesired Unexpected and desired Enexpected and undesired

7 Resources  People:  Creators and users of technology  Provide labor, knowledge and skill  Information:  Knowing what to do and how to do it.

7 Resources  Tools and Machines:  Tools: extend human capabilities  Machines: change the amount, speed or direction of force  Capital  Any form of wealth

7 Resources  Time:  A unit measure for seconds, minutes, days, etc  Materials  The stuff the stuff is made from. (i.e. wood, metals, ceramics)  Energy  The ability to do work.

Materials  Properties  Strength – tension, compression, torsion, shear  Elasticity  Hardness  Fatigue

Types of Materials  Wood:  Hardwood : tree that loses its leaves  Softwood: coniferous trees  Plastics: synthetic material in long polymer chains  Thermoplastic: formed using heat and pressure  Thermoset: heated and formed once.

Types of Materials  Metals: organic elements from the Earth  Alloys: mixture of two or more metals  Tin and copper = bronze

Types of Materials  Ceramics:  inorganic, nonmetallic minerals like clay, sand and quartz  Composites:  Combining two or more materials to make a material better than the original

Materials Processing  Separating  Combining  Forming  Conditioning

Separating  Removing pieces of material  Chip producing and chipless  Examples  Sawing  Shearing  Drilling  Grinding

Combining  Joining materials together  Mechanical  Screws, nails, staples.  Chemical  Gluing  Heat  welding

Forming  Changing the shape of the material  Bending  Casting – making jello or ice cubes  Forging – hammering into shape  Extruding – squeeze through a die like toothpaste from a tube

Conditioning  Changing the internal structure of the material  Baking cookies or cakes  Hardening  Tempering  Annealing

Finishing  Adding a protective coating to exterior of the product.

Energy  Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another  Potential: energy at rest  Kinetic: energy in motion

Forms of Energy  Mechanical: energy of motion  Thermal: heat energy  Electrical: flow of electrons  Chemical: energy from a chemical reaction  Nuclear: splitting or fusing atoms  Light (Radiant): energy from photons like the sun

Energy  Renewable: energy from things that can be grown and replaced  Non-Renewable: Fossil fuels

Alternative Energy  Solar : energy from the sun  Wind:  Hydroelectric  Geothermal  Tidal  BioMass

Newtons Laws of Motion  1 st Law – Inertia  An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Newton’s Laws of Motion  2 nd Law –  F=MA  Force = Mass x Acceleration

Newton’s Laws of Motion  Newton’s 3 rd Law  For every action there is an equal, and opposite reaction.

Forces  Tension: pulling force  Compression: squeezing force  Torsion: twisting force  Shear: cutting force

Simple Machines  Wedge  Inclined Plane  Screw  Wheel and Axle  Lever  Pulley

Types of Levers