Biology Journal 3/29/2010 Yesterday you put yeast and sugar in a flask, What chemical reaction was going on inside of the flasks yesterday? What products did you make?

Which of these substances could we actually measure to determine the rate of photosynthesis? (hint: what did we measure in the cricket lab?) What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? (write out the chemical formula and the words) 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon dioxideOxygenWaterGlucose ++→ Write a hypothesis for the relationship between light intensity and rate of photosynthesis. CO 2 consumed, glucose generated (biomass), and O 2 generated (H 2 O is a little too tricky to measure) If 100 plants are grown under different light intensities, then there will be a positive correlation between light intensity and photosynthetic rate, until reaching a plateau. Biology Journal 10/28/2014

Biology Journal 9/13/2013 What are the three fossil fuels? Where do you think the carbon in fossil fuels came from? When you burn them, what happens?

Biology Journal 12/5/2013 What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration? C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O What is the purpose of cellular respiration and where does it happen? The purpose of it is to make energy and it happens in the mitochondria of eukaryotes

Biology Journal 10/17/2014 What’s the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? What is the difference between ADP and ATP? Got O 2 ?

Biology Journal 12/6/2013 What’s the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? What is the difference between ADP and ATP? Aerobic respiration happens in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, and delivers more energy (high ATP yield). Anaerobic respiration happens in the cytoplasm, does not require oxygen, and delivers less energy (low ATP yield). ATP has 3 phosphates, and is a high energy molecule used for the temporary storage of energy. ADP has 2 phosphates, and is a molecule that does not have energy, it must be converted back into ATP through an energy- producing chemical reaction such as cellular respiration.

While you wait (without a journal), ask yourself this: What is this a picture of? can you fill it in?

Youtube Videos ATP & Cellular Respiration Great introduction to ATP and energy. Ends up going into a bit more detail than needed with regard to cellular respiration reaction. Done by everybody’s favorite science guy with glasses, Hank. [watch the first 8 minutes or so] Fermentation Food Science episode with enthusiastic host who explains the two different types of fermentation that organisms use. Then she prepares a ginger ale to show setting up fermentation by yeast. [5:30 minutes]

Title the Lab, “Cellular Respiration in Crickets” Do the Pre-Lab questions (part 1) Do the Pre-Lab questions (part 2) Write a procedure for the lab by summarizing the directions from the handout. Read the entire lab. Then, in your composition notebook…

Biology Journal 10/17/2014 What is the purpose of the cotton? What is the purpose of the rayon? What is the purpose of NaOH (the directions say “KOH”) Cotton is absorbent and holds the NaOH. Rayon is non- absorbent and protects the cricket from the NaOH. NaOH removes CO 2 from the chamber by turning it into a solid product. Make sure that the drops of NaOH don’t touch the sides of the chamber! Cricket Lab Today! How can you tell how much O 2 is being consumed? Read the position of the food-color drop on your pipette. It will get closer to the cricket as he uses up oxygen.

We will distribute ourselves into equal groups: Room temperature Hot Cold Control (only 1 of these)

Read the reminders on the procedure so you get good data!

Possible Jobs: 1.Time keeper 2.Temperature keeper 3.Data recorder (you can share the data later) 4.Apparatus set-up & clean-up person Time is of the essence! Organize your group efficiently.

Don’t kill me. To find out how, read the directions!

Biology Journal 10/21/2014 In the cricket lab, what are the independent and dependent variables? What could be some of the control variables?

What do these 3 have in common?

Biology Journal 12/5/2013 Label which chemical reaction is photosynthesis and which one is cellular respiration. What’s the connection between the two reactions? C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

Biology Journal 10/16/ True or false: Ventilation is the process of exhaling to get rid of wastes. 2.True or false: Gas exchange is the process of delivering gasses in blood through the veins, arteries, and capillaries to the tissues of the body. 3.What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? 4.State everything you know about ATP. 2.8 Homework Quiz

Youtube Videos ATP & Cellular Respiration Great introduction to ATP and energy. Ends up going into a bit more detail than needed with regard to cellular respiration reaction. Done by everybody’s favorite science guy with glasses, Hank. [watch the first 8 minutes or so] Fermentation Food Science episode with enthusiastic host who explains the two different types of fermentation that organisms use. Then she prepares a ginger ale to show setting up fermentation by yeast. [5:30 minutes]

2.8 Cell respiration: Cell respiration supplies energy for the functions of life. Nature of science: Assessing the ethics of scientific research—the use of invertebrates in respirometer experiments has ethical implications. Understandings:  Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.  ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell.  Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose.  Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose.  Details of the metabolic pathways of cell respiration are not needed but the substrates and final waste products should be known. Applications and skills:  Application: Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking.  Application: Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions.  Skill: Analysis of results from experiments involving measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds or invertebrates using a respirometer. Students are expected to know that an alkali is used to absorb CO 2, so reductions in volume are due to oxygen use. Temperature should be kept constant to avoid volume changes due to temperature fluctuations. The ethics of the use of animals in experiments could be discussed in relation to respirometer experiments. Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

What happens to the organic molecules we eat?

Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. Such as… What are these molecules? Sugar(glucose) Lipid(triglyceride) Protein (this is a dipeptide)

Gas exchange is the diffusion of gasses (such as O 2 and CO 2 ) between the air in the lungs and the blood. Above: You think your life is hard? Some New Your City child laborers take a break, probably in the 1910’s.

Ventilation is how the muscles (diaphragm and intercostals [ribs]) move to push air into and out of the lungs.

ATP = Adenosine triphosphate. High energy. Temporary storage of energy. ADP = Adenosine diphosphate. Low energy. Can be “recharged” by re-attaching another phosphate. Program showing how food makes ATP, and it is burned to do cellular work.

Food molecules! Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O Released to the air! Taken From the air! Released to the air! Doing cellular respiration “burns” calories (in the form of sugar molecules)

They don’t call it burning calories for nothing! Cellular Respiration: Converts sugar back into CO 2 gas. Where does it go? C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O

Plants also do cellular respiration = Cellular Respiration: gettin’ energy from food

What do these 3 things have in common?

What happened to this runner?

Biology Journal 10/20/2014 Yesterday we put a cricket in a respirometer. How were the gasses in the chamber changing? What chemical reaction was causing these changes? What trends do you predict will occur?

2.9 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis uses the energy in sunlight to produce the chemical energy needed for life. Nature of science: Experimental design—controlling relevant variables in photosynthesis experiments is essential. Understandings:  Photosynthesis is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy.  Visible light has a range of wavelengths with violet the shortest wavelength and red the longest. Visible light has wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometres, but they are not expected to recall the wavelengths of specific colours of light.  Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively and reflects green light more than other colours.  Oxygen is produced in photosynthesis from the photolysis of water.  Energy is needed to produce carbohydrates and other carbon compounds from carbon dioxide.  Temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are possible limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis. Applications and skills:  Application: Changes to the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and rock deposition due to photosynthesis.  Skill: Drawing an absorption spectrum for chlorophyll and an action spectrum for photosynthesis.  Skill: Design of experiments to investigate the effect of limiting factors on photosynthesis. PRACTICAL: Separation of photosynthetic pigments by chromatograph. Paper chromatography can be used to separate photosynthetic pigments but thin layer chromatography gives better results. Topic 2: Molecular biology (21 hours)

Biology Journal 10/23/2014 What are the things that you should include on your tables and graphs on the cricket lab? Discuss the ethics of the cricket lab. Take the time to do your lab right, so that I didn’t suffer in vain!

You have some rats placed in sealed containers under different conditions, you, you, you demented sadist. Predict! Which rat do you think will end up dying first? Why do you think so? 2nd? Why? 3rd? Why? 4th? Why? Which do you think will live the longest? Explain your answers! Biology Journal 10/23/2014 Rat A: By himselfRat B: With another rat Rat C: With a plant and light Rat D: With a flame Rat E: With a plant in the dark

Why does this matter? The Earth 200 years ago. The Earth today. Larger, healthier forests and oceans Very little burning of plants and fossil fuels Fewer humans consuming fewer resources. Destroying forests Burning fossil fuels produces CO 2 Global warming Population boom, consuming resources

Today is the last day with Mr. Lawton to work on the Cricket Lab Your complete lab should have: Title. always give everything headings! Procedure. including materials. Pre lab questions. both sections from the “Cricket Respiration” handout. Individual Group Data. your groups’ data, however badly the experiment may have gone. Have something. Data Processing. your calculations, such as average, rate. Data Representation. graphs, could be anywhere from 1 to 4 graphs, depending on what you put on them. Controls. discuss the controlled variables. Conclusion. a data-driven conclusion of the variables. Post Lab Questions. thoroughly answer the questions.

What gasses make up air?

Gasses found in Air (by %)

Food molecules! Photosynthesis: CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 From the air! From the ground! Ahh! Fresh Oxygen!

Where does the energy to build the food molecules in photosynthesis come from? The Sun, our buddy.

Remember, sunlight contains all the colors of the rainbow!

How does light make the car yellow? My chariot rims got mad bling.

Why are plants green?

What colors does chlorophyll absorb? Which does it reflect?

Which plant has greater evolutionary fitness? Explain your reasoning. one that makes Carotenoids only one that makes Carotenoids only one that makes Phycoerythrin only one that makes Phycoerythrin only or one that makes Carotenoids and Chlorophyll a or one that makes Carotenoids and Chlorophyll a Practice IB test question!

blue red green Chlorophyll absorbs blue light and red light, and reflects green light.

In many plants, most of the pigments break down in the autumn. Why?

Photosynthesis (mostly) can’t happen in the winter. Why not? What could be missing? CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Water is frozen, and thus inaccessible The sunlight is dim, and days are short In cold temperatures, photosynthesis slows to speeds that are inefficient and counterproductive for plants.

 In a series of very complex chemical reactions, CO 2 molecules are put together like legos to make… sugars and carbohydrates!  Light drives the reaction! CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Makin’ it rain Makin’ it shine Makin’ it blow

Where does photosynthesis happen? Chloroplasts chlorophyll Chloroplasts have pigments, such as chlorophyll, and are found in plant cells that are exposed to light.

All of the photosynthesis action happens on the membranes of thylakoids.

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 C 8 H 18 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Burning fossil fuels (here is gasoline undergoing combustion)

What molecule makes up wood? Cellulose (a carbohydrate made out of a chain of glucoses) Where did the C atoms come from? Where did the H atoms come from? Where did the O atoms come from? In the glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )… CO 2 H2OH2O

In photosynthesis, water is split using light energy; this is called photolysis. The oxygen is given off as a waste product, and the H + ions are “fixed” (attached) to carbon, making a glucose molecule.

What do these 3 have in common?

Photosynthesis song. Nice outline of photosynthesis with good visuals. Youtube Videos

Biology Journal 12/10/2013 The name of the pigment that plants use for photosynthesis is ______. The sunlight that plants are exposed to contains _____ of the colors of light. Chlorophyll absorbs ______ and ______ light, while it reflects ______ light, which is why plants appear to be green to us.

What colors does chlorophyll absorb? Which does it reflect?

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants in photosynthesis. 1.What happens to the carbon atoms from CO 2 ? 2.What happens to the oxygen atoms from CO 2 ? 3.What happens to the hydrogen atoms from H 2 O? 4.What happens to the oxygen atoms from H 2 O? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 How do you think you could measure how much photosynthesis a plant is doing? Measure O 2 produced, CO 2 consumed, or biomass of the plant!

Grades have been updated. The last quiz isn’t on (see below) The IA isn’t on (but this can only boost your grade) All late quizzes are due by Thursday! Many people still need to do their last quiz (the eukaryotes/prokaryotes one). Any Advanced work is due by Friday! The practice IB quizzes are due by Friday! Grades and Due Dates

The vast majority of exam questions will be drawn from previous quizzes! Exemptions will be signed by Mr. Lawton on Monday (because that’s when everything will be done by) You can use a 3 x 5 notecard on the exam. You must turn it in when you are done with your exam. There will be a review guide given out. Exam

Biology Journal 12/11/2013 What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 What happens to CO 2 in photosynthesis? What happens to H 2 O in photosynthesis? CO 2 stays mostly intact. Hydrogen atoms are “fixed” to CO 2, making glucose. H 2 O is split, using the energy from sunlight. This is called photolysis. The H + ions are fixed to CO 2, and the O from water is given off as oxygen gas.

What does this graph tell us?

What reaction does this diagram outline? Fill it in!