Cellular Respiration Pages: 98 to 103 and 357 to 368

Understandings - Basics Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers

Basic Vocabulary Aerobic Anaerobic Catabolic Anabolic Oxidation Reduction

Oxidation and Reduction Loss of electrons Gain of electrons Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen Results in many C-O bonds Results in many C-H bonds Lower potential energy Higher potential energy OIL RIG or LEO goes GER

Oxidation and Reduction C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP) What is oxidized? glucose What is reduced? oxygen Overall Redox reaction

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Both begin with glucose entering glycolysis Takes place in cytoplasm Requires 2 ATP Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate Produces 4 ATP Net yield of 2 ATP

Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvate enters into anaerobic respiration when no oxygen is available No more ATP is created Pyruvate becomes ethanol by losing carbon dioxide CO2 pyruvate ethanol glucose pyruvate ethanol CO2

Fermentation What type of organism uses alcoholic fermentation? Where is alcoholic fermentation seen in our daily lives? How does fermentation apply to animals? What is produced? Does it just continue to build up?

Lactic Acid Fermentation pyruvate Lactate glucose

Application Use of anaerobic cell respiration in yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in baking Lactate production in humans when anaerobic respiration is used to maximize the power of muscle contractions Anaerobic respiration Bozeman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDC29iBxb3w

Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis: Glucose to Pyruvate Linking Reaction: Pyruvate loses CO2 and combines with coenzyme A to create acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle: Acetyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA ETC: NADH and FADH to ATP

Aerobic Respiration How much ATP is produced in each part of the process? Glycolysis: 2 Krebs Cycle: 2 Electron Transport Chain with the chemiosmosis: 32 What is chemiosmosis?

Understandings - Glycolysis Phosphorylation of molecules make them less stable In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction

Glycolysis

(1) Fructose-1,6 - bisphosphate Glycolysis P P P P (2) 3 carbon compound (1) 6-carbon glucose (4) ADP  (4) ATP P (2) NAD+  (2) NADH (2) ATP  (2) ADP P (2) pyruvate P P lysis (2) glyceraldehyde – 3 - phosphate (1) Fructose-1,6 - bisphosphate

Glycolysis Summary 2 ATP used 4 ATPS produced 2 net ATP produced 2 molecules of NADH produced 2 pyruvate molecules produced at end of pathway Occurs in the cytoplasm Controlled by enzymes – feedback inhibition blocks the first enzyme pathway if ATP is high

Activity Time Cellular Respiration POGILS

LAB TIME Analysis of results from experiments involving measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds or invertebrates using a respirometer – LAB TIME!

Understandings – Krebs In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD Analysis of diagrams of the pathways of aerobic respiration to deduce where decarboxylation and oxidation reaction occurs

The Link Reaction What did glycolysis just create? Where are we in the cell? Where do we need to go in the cell? What do we need to become in order to start the Krebs Cycle?

The Link Reaction

The Link Reaction Controlled by enzymes Decarboxylation occurs Oxidation Reduction occurs Acetyl CoA can be stored as fats What is the benefit of this? When does this occur?

Krebs Cycle Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate Citrate gets decarboxylated and oxidized to a 5C molecule 5C is decarboxylated and oxidized to 4C 4C is Oxidized into oxaloacetate

Krebs Cycle Summary Two “turns” of the cycle for on glucose molecule 2 ATP per glucose 6 NADH produced 2 FADH2 produced 4 molecules of CO2 How many have been produced so far? What is the significance of this number?

Time for Oxidative Phosphorylation POGIL TIME

Understandings - ETC Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain is the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to form water to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water

Video Time Crash Course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ Bozeman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M

Understandings - Mitochondria The structure of the mitochondria is adapted to the function it performs Electron tomography used to produce images of active mitochondria Skill: Annotation of a diagram of a mitochondria to indicate the adaptations to its functions