1. Cellular Respiration An Overview

2. Principles of Energy Harvest Catabolic pathway √ Fermentation √Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + E (ATP + heat)

3. Redox reactions Oxidation-reduction LEO the lion says GER –Lose Electrons, OXIDATION –Gain Electrons, REDUCTION Reducing agent: e - donor Oxidizing agent: e - acceptor

4. Oxidizing Agent in Respiration NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Removes electrons from food (series of reactions) NAD + is reduced to NADH Enzyme action: Dehydrogenase Oxygen is the eventual e- acceptor

5. Electron Transport Chain Electron carrier molecules found in membrane proteins Shuttle electrons that release energy used to make ATP Sequence of reactions needed to prevent energy release in 1 explosive step Electron route: food---> NADH ---> electron transport chain ---> oxygen

6. Cellular respiration Glycolysis: happens in cytosol; degrades glucose into pyruvate Kreb’s Cycle: happens in mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate changes form with a release of carbon dioxide Electron Transport Chain: happens at inner membrane of mitochondrion; electrons eventually passed to oxygen

7. Glycolysis 1 Glucose ---> 2 pyruvate Energy investment phase: cell uses 2 ATP to phosphorylate glucose Energy payoff phase: 4 ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD + is reduced to NADH (x 2) Net energy yield per glucose molecule: 2 ATP plus 2 NADH; no CO 2 is released; occurs aerobically or anaerobically

8. Kreb’s Cycle If oxygen is present……. Each pyruvate is changed to acetyl CoA: CO 2 is released; NAD + ---> NADH; coenzyme A (from vitamin B), makes molecule very reactive From this point: each turn of cycle, 2 C atoms enter (acetyl CoA) and 2 exit (CO 2 ) acetyl CoA (2 C’s) joins with oxaloacetate (4 C’s) For each pyruvate that enters: 3 NAD + reduced to NADH; 1 FAD 2+ reduced to FADH 2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP made

9. Electron transport chain Cytochromes: carry electron carrier molecules (NADH & FADH 2 ) down to oxygen Chemiosmosis: energy coupling mechanism; works using diffusion gradient ATP synthase: produces ATP by using the H+ gradient pumped into the inner membrane space from the electron transport chain; this enzyme harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix to phosphorylate ADP to ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

10. Review: Cellular Respiration Glycolysis: 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) Acetyl CoA formation: 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) = 4ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) = 6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) = 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) = 4 ATP 36 NET TOTAL ATP/glucose

11. Related metabolic processes Fermentation: alcohol~ pyruvate to ethanol lactic acid~ pyruvate to lactate Facultative anaerobes (yeast/bacteria) Beta-oxidation lipid catabolism