Terminal Design Passenger Processing

errata  Consider TSA impacts

Passenger Space Guidelines (1/2)  Personal space Transit 18x24 inches Airports 5-10 ft 2 (30 inch circle)  Lateral movement 30 inches between “traffic” lanes  Longitudinal movement 8-10 feet per person  Net pedestrian area ft 2

Passenger Space Guidelines (2/2)  Queuing space 5-10 ft 2  Stairs ft 2 Escalators can be smaller  Pedestrian flow f = s/a Where f pedestrian flow, s speed, a area per pedestrian (note analog to vehicular traffic flow density relationship: flow = density * velocity)

Passenger System (1/5)  Entryways Passenger and visitors Enplaning and deplaning Auto doors20-30 pax/min Manual doors10-15 pax/min  Lobby areas All persons using airport Seating capacity 15-25% of enplaning Space 20 sf/pax

Passenger System (2/5)  Ticket counter Check in and baggage drop Estimate 10% of peak hour originating pax with 5 pax in line max Spacing: ft. between counters without bags ft. between counters for regular Queue space 3 ft./pax = 15 ft. Provide ft. circulation area behind queues 10 ft. of depth for the counter itself

Passenger System (3/5)  Security Service rate pax/hr (lower than book says) ft wide; ft long Deplaning exit corridor ft wide, revolving door or guards 20-40’10’-20’ 15-20’

Passenger System (4/5)  Departure lounge Estimate 80% of pax need seating Space ft 2 /pax Walking corridors should be provided  Boarding corridors 10 ft. wide Service rate 2-4 pax/min

Passenger System (4/5)  Corridors 20 ft wide minimum ft desirable for maneuvering  Stairs 30 inches minimum per lane Speed ft/min; average 100 ft/min  Baggage claim Special procedures

Queuing Equations (1/4)  Arrivals Poisson rate q  Service Exponential rate Q  Ratio ρ= q/Q < 1.0  More than one server (n) Ratio ρ = q/(Qn)

Queuing Equations (2/4)  M/M/1 Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[Q(Q-q)] Average time in system: E(t) = 1/(Q-q) Average queue length: E(m) = q 2 /[Q(Q-q)] Probability of k “units” in system: P(k)= (q/Q) k [1-(q/Q)]  Used for flow through processes Entrance gates Security Jetways

Queuing Equations (2/4)  M/D/1 Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[2Q(Q-q)] Average time in system: E(t) = [2Q- q]/[2Q(Q-q)] Average time in service: E(t s ) = 1/Q Average queue length: E(m) = q 2 /[2Q(Q-q)]  For multiple servers (n), approximate Q as nQ Be careful – service time is not affected by n Check equations above!  Used for processes with fixed service Ticket services Car rental

Queuing Equations (3/4)  If ρ= q/Q > 1.0 Wait time in queue: E(w’) = E(w) 0.9 +E(e) where E(w) 0.9 is the E(w) when ρ =0.9 and E(e)=T(q-nQ)/(2nQ) where T is the time that demand exceeds service n=number of servers Average queue length: E(m’) = [E(w’)+1/Q)]q  Baggage claims Average delay E(b) = E(t 2 ) +NT/(N+1) –E(t 1 ) Where  t 2 = time when 1 st bag shows up  t 1 = time when passengers arrive  N = number of bags per person  T = between first and last bags

Queuing Equations (4/4)  Total passenger processing time E(T) = E(w) + E(s) + E(t) where E(w) average wait in queue time E(s) average service time E(t) average walk time

Passenger Flow - Enplaning DA1A1 A2A2 ETTXXSS L L JJ

Enplaning Flow Example DETXSS L J Device Service time Doors 10 sec Express 90 sec Ticket 180 sec Security (X) 30 sec Seat Select 25 sec Jetway 20 sec n Servers Pax/hr/n pax/hr Pax/hr

Enplaning Flow Example Device q Q Wait (min) Service (sec) Gate Express Ticket Security Seat Select Jetway Use the average wait in queue time equations to get wait. Remember to use the right queuing equation for the right device.

Enplaning Flow Example AT O Concession Stands

Enplaning Flow Example AT O Concession Stands Walk dist (ft)

Enplaning Flow Example X

Enplaning Flow Example Wait time E(w)=1(0.19)+0.45(1.88)+0.20(1.25)+1(0.50)+0.60(0.06)+1(0.19) = 2.01 min Service time E(s)=1(10)+0.45(90)+0.20(180)+1(30)+0.60(25)+1(10)= s. = 2.52 min Walk time E(t)= [0.45[( )/2]+0.20[( )/2]+ 0.35[0.75(185)+0.25(300)]+1(760)]/2.5 = 408 s. = 6.8 min Total time E(T)= = min

Passenger Flow Deplaning DBECRJS

Deplaning Flow Example (1/8) DBECRJS 500 pax/hr 1.5 bags/pax 1 visit/pax Device Service time Doors 10 sec Escalator 5 sec Security exit 3 sec Car rental 240 sec Jetway 10 sec

Deplaning Flow Example (2/8) Device Service time Doors 10 sec Escalator 5 sec Security exit 3 sec Car rental 240 sec Jetway 10 sec Servers Pax/hr DBECRJS Bags: 1.5 bags/pax = 309 bags, 2 servers

Deplaning Flow Example (3/8) Device q Q Wait (min) Service (min) Doors Escalator Security exit Car rental Jetway

Enplaning Flow Example (4/8) Car Rentals Incoming Bags

Deplaning Flow Example (5/8) Car Rentals Incoming Bags

Deplaning Flow Example (6/8) X

Deplaning Flow Example (7/8) For bags E(w)= (1.86) = 0.53 min E(s)= (240)=0.54 min E(t)= [ (415)+0.06(405)]/2.5=7.13 min Avg arrival time= =8.20 Bags/device 309/2 = 155 bags Load time 155/10 = 15.5 min E( b ) = E(t 2 )+nT/(n+1)–E(t 1 )=10+[1.5(15.5)/2.5]-8.20= min

Deplaning Flow Example (8/8) Wait time E(w)=1( )+0.41(11.1)+0.39(1.86)+0.05 = 5.74 min Service time E(s)=1(10+5+3)+0.39(240)+1(10)= 2.03 min Walk time E(t)= [1(900)+0.40[( )/2]+0.21( )+ 0.14( )+0.19(315)+0.06( )]/2.5 = 9.41 min Total time E(T)= = min

Terminal Footprint

Airport Roadway Circulation Deplaning Enplaning Terminal Frontage Road Terminal Access Road Terminal Exit Road Short Term Parking Long Term Parking

Gate Configuration  Large airlines have their own  Smaller typically combine/share  May need to have “airline” terminals  Wide bodies occupy outside gates