1. Terminal Design Passenger Processing

2. errata
Consider TSA impacts

3. Passenger Space Guidelines (1/2)
Personal space
Transit 18x24 inches
Airports 5-10 ft2 (30 inch circle)
Lateral movement
30 inches between “traffic” lanes
Longitudinal movement
8-10 feet per person
Net pedestrian area
20-30 ft2

4. Passenger Space Guidelines (2/2)
Queuing space
5-10 ft2
Stairs
10-20 ft2
Escalators can be smaller
Pedestrian flow
f = s/a
Where f pedestrian flow, s speed, a area per pedestrian (note analog to vehicular traffic flow density relationship: flow = density * velocity)

5. Passenger System (1/5) Entryways Lobby areas Passenger and visitors
Enplaning and deplaning
Auto doors pax/min
Manual doors pax/min
Lobby areas
All persons using airport
Seating capacity 15-25% of enplaning
Space 20 sf/pax

6. Passenger System (2/5) Ticket counter Check in and baggage drop
Estimate 10% of peak hour originating pax with 5 pax in line max
Spacing: ft. between counters without bags
12-16 ft. between counters for regular
Queue space 3 ft./pax = 15 ft.
Provide ft. circulation area behind queues
10 ft. of depth for the counter itself

7. Passenger System (3/5) Security
Service rate pax/hr (lower than book says)
15-20 ft wide; ft long
Deplaning exit corridor ft wide, revolving door or guards
20-40’
10’-20’
15-20’

8. Passenger System (4/5) Departure lounge Boarding corridors
Estimate 80% of pax need seating
Space ft2/pax
Walking corridors should be provided
Boarding corridors
10 ft. wide
Service rate 2-4 pax/min

9. Passenger System (4/5) Corridors Stairs Baggage claim
20 ft wide minimum
40-50 ft desirable for maneuvering
Stairs
30 inches minimum per lane
Speed ft/min; average 100 ft/min
Baggage claim
Special procedures

10. Queuing Equations (1/4) Arrivals Service Ratio
Poisson rate q (λ in the book)
Service
Exponential rate Q (μ in the book)
Ratio
ρ= q/Q < 1.0
More than one server (n)
Ratio ρ = q/(Qn)

11. Queuing Equations (2/4) M/M/1 Used for flow through processes
Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[Q(Q-q)]
Average time in system: E(t) = 1/(Q-q)
Average queue length: E(m) = q2/[Q(Q-q)]
Probability of k “units” in system: P(k)= (q/Q)k [1-(q/Q)]
Used for flow through processes
Entrance gates
Security
Jetways

12. Queuing Equations (2/4) M/D/1
Wait time in queue: E(w) = q/[2Q(Q-q)]
Average time in system: E(t) = [2Q-q]/[2Q(Q-q)]
Average time in service: E(ts) = 1/Q
Average queue length: E(m) = q2/[2Q(Q-q)]
For multiple servers (n), approximate Q as nQ
Be careful – service time is not affected by n
Check equations above!
Used for processes with fixed service
Ticket services
Car rental

13. Queuing Equations (3/4) If ρ= q/Q > 1.0 Baggage claims
Wait time in queue: E(w’) = E(w)0.9 +E(e)
where E(w)0.9 is the E(w) when ρ =0.9
and E(e)=T(q-nQ)/(2nQ)
where T is the time that demand exceeds service
n=number of servers
Average queue length: E(m’) = [E(w’)+1/Q)]q
Baggage claims
Average delay E(b) = E(t2) +NT/(N+1) –E(t1)
Where
t2 = time when 1st bag shows up
t1 = time when passengers arrive
N = number of bags per person
T = between first and last bags

14. Queuing Equations (4/4) Total passenger processing time
E(T) = E(w) + E(s) + E(t)
where
E(w) average wait in queue time
E(s) average service time
E(t) average walk time

15. Passenger Flow - EnplaningX L J A1 T D A2 X L J T SS

16. Enplaning Flow Example
500 pax/hr SS
300 E
225 X L J
175
500 D
200 T
100
Device Service time
Doors sec
Express sec
Ticket sec
Security (X) sec
Seat Select 25 sec
Jetway sec
Pax/hr/n
360 40 20
120
144
180
n Servers 2 6 5 4
Pax/hr
720
240
120
600
576

17. Enplaning Flow Example
Device q Q Wait (min) Service (sec)
Gate
Express
Ticket
Security
Seat Select
Jetway
Use the average wait in queue time equations to get wait. Remember to use the right queuing equation for the right device.

18. Enplaning Flow Example40 60 60 50
Concession Stands
ATO 40 60 30 60 30 75 30
100

19. Enplaning Flow Example40 60 60 50
Walk dist (ft)
Concession Stands
ATO 40
395
305
185 60
300
235 30 60 30 75 30
100
295

20. Enplaning Flow Example
629
150
380
760 60
120 X

21. Enplaning Flow Example
Wait time
E(w)=1(0.19)+0.45(1.88)+0.20(1.25)+1(0.50)+0.60(0.06)+1(0.19)
= min
Service time
E(s)=1(10)+0.45(90)+0.20(180)+1(30)+0.60(25)+1(10)= s. = 2.52 min
Walk time
E(t)= [0.45[( )/2]+0.20[( )/2]+
0.35[0.75(185)+0.25(300)]+1(760)]/2.5 = 408 s. = 6.8 min
Total time
E(T)= = min

22. Passenger Flow DeplaningB J E S D CR

23. Deplaning Flow Example (1/8)B 35 60
100 J E S D 25 CR 75
Device Service time
Doors sec
Escalator sec
Security exit sec
Car rental sec
Jetway sec
500 pax/hr
1.5 bags/pax
1 visit/pax

24. Deplaning Flow Example (2/8)B
175
105
500 J E S
200 D 31 70
125 CR 94
Bags: 1.5 bags/pax = 309 bags, 2 servers
Device Service time
Doors sec
Escalator sec
Security exit sec
Car rental 240 sec
Jetway sec
Pax/hr
360
720
1200 15
Servers 4 1 14 2

25. Deplaning Flow Example (3/8)
Device q Q Wait (min) Service (min)
Doors
Escalator
Security exit
Car rental
Jetway

26. Enplaning Flow Example (4/8)
Incoming Bags 40 40
Car Rentals 70
100 75 30 80 50 40 40 50 35

27. Deplaning Flow Example (5/8)
Incoming Bags 40 40
Car Rentals 70
100
220
210
315 75
405
295 30 75 50 50 50 50 35
345
415
650

28. Deplaning Flow Example (6/8)
629
150
380
900 60
120 X

29. Deplaning Flow Example (7/8)
For bags
E(w)= (1.86) = 0.53 min
E(s)= (240)=0.54 min
E(t)= [ (415)+0.06(405)]/2.5=7.13 min
Avg arrival time= =8.20
Bags/device 309/2 = 155 bags
Load time 155/10 = 15.5 min
E(b) = E(t2)+nT/(n+1)–E(t1)=10+[1.5(15.5)/2.5]-8.20= min

30. Deplaning Flow Example (8/8)
Wait time
E(w)=1( )+0.41(11.1)+0.39(1.86)+0.05 = min
Service time
E(s)=1(10+5+3)+0.39(240)+1(10)= 2.03 min
Walk time
E(t)= [1(900)+0.40[( )/2]+0.21( )+
0.14( )+0.19(315)+0.06( )]/2.5 = 9.41 min
Total time
E(T)= = min

31. Terminal Footprint

32. Airport Roadway Circulation
Deplaning
Enplaning
Terminal Frontage Road
Short Term Parking
Terminal Access Road
Terminal Exit Road
Long Term Parking

33. Gate Configuration Large airlines have their own
Smaller typically combine/share
May need to have “airline” terminals
Wide bodies occupy outside gates