RIVER PROCESSES Introduction to Watershed Science Merritt College Marc Epstein, Instructor

California River System

Major California Rivers and Topography

Drainage Basin Defined Every stream has a drainage basin. Every stream has a drainage basin. A drainage basin is a spatial geomorphic unit occupied by a river system. A drainage basin is a spatial geomorphic unit occupied by a river system. It is defined by ridges that form drainage divides; that is, the ridges are the dividing lines that control into which basin precipitation drain. It is defined by ridges that form drainage divides; that is, the ridges are the dividing lines that control into which basin precipitation drain. Drainage divides define a watershed. Drainage divides define a watershed.

California Drainage Basins

Rivers and the Hydrologic Cycle Most rivers and streams begin as a result of precipitation Most rivers and streams begin as a result of precipitation Precipitation will infiltrate into the ground water or flow on the surface Precipitation will infiltrate into the ground water or flow on the surface When sufficient water collects and flows in a uniform pattern, a stream is created When sufficient water collects and flows in a uniform pattern, a stream is created Most of California rivers begin from the melting of the snow pack Most of California rivers begin from the melting of the snow pack

Stream Flow Stream Flow is potential energy converted to kinetic energy by gravity. Stream Flow is potential energy converted to kinetic energy by gravity.

Measure of Stream Flow Q = w x d x v Q = w x d x v Q = Discharge Q = Discharge w = channel width w = channel width d = channel depth d = channel depth v = stream velocity v = stream velocity Expressed as cubic meters or cubic feet per second Expressed as cubic meters or cubic feet per second

Calculating Discharge Compare the discharge of a stream whose measurements at a gauging station are: Width = 65 feet Average depth = 3 feet Velocity = 4.2 feet/second

If the stream is the previous question passed through a more narrow channel of only 40 foot width, and we assume the same depth of 3 feet and the discharge remains constant, what will be the increased velocity?

If the stream in the preceding question achieves a deeper 4.5 foot average depth at the site of the 40 foot width what will the new velocity be?

Suspension Streams transport material Streams transport material Carrying capacity increases with velocity Carrying capacity increases with velocity Dissolved Load – Chemical solutions Dissolved Load – Chemical solutions Suspended Load – Fine grained clastic particles Suspended Load – Fine grained clastic particles Bed Load – Coarser materials dragged along the bed of the stream Bed Load – Coarser materials dragged along the bed of the stream

Velocity vs. Particle Size

Drainage Geometry

Characteristics Dendritic most common – From Greek word dendros meaning tree. Dendritic most common – From Greek word dendros meaning tree. Small streams flow into larger ones. Small streams flow into larger ones. Local geology will determine the geometry. Local geology will determine the geometry.

Stream Evolution Streams and rivers have an evolutionary pattern from initial formation to discharge into the ocean. Streams and rivers have an evolutionary pattern from initial formation to discharge into the ocean.

Stream Age

Initial Stream Development

Youthful Stream

Characteristics of Youthful Stream Steep gradient Steep gradient Creates V shaped gorge or ravine Creates V shaped gorge or ravine

Mature Stream

Characteristics of Mature Streams Reduced gradient Reduced gradient Sediment load = Load carrying capacity Sediment load = Load carrying capacity

Old Age Stream

Characteristics of Old Age Stream Little gradient Little gradient Evidence of shifts in the river course is evident in the vicinity Evidence of shifts in the river course is evident in the vicinity

Stream Erosion The erosional work of a stream carves and shapes the landscape through which it flows. The erosional work of a stream carves and shapes the landscape through which it flows.

Types of Erosion Hydraulic Action – Is the work of turbulence in the water running. Water running causes hydraulic squeezing and release of action to loosen and lift rocks. Hydraulic Action – Is the work of turbulence in the water running. Water running causes hydraulic squeezing and release of action to loosen and lift rocks. Abrasion – Is caused when debris move along, mechanically loosens and lifts rocks through grinding and carving of the streambed. Abrasion – Is caused when debris move along, mechanically loosens and lifts rocks through grinding and carving of the streambed.

Deposition Whenever a streams velocity decreases, its ability to carry material is reduced. Consequently, some of the suspended particles begin to settle out. Whenever a streams velocity decreases, its ability to carry material is reduced. Consequently, some of the suspended particles begin to settle out.

Meandering Stream Where slopes are gradual, stream channels assume a snakelike form weaving across the landscape. Where slopes are gradual, stream channels assume a snakelike form weaving across the landscape. The outer portion of each meandering curve is subject to greater velocity and erosive action and can be the site of steep bank called a cut bank. The outer portion of each meandering curve is subject to greater velocity and erosive action and can be the site of steep bank called a cut bank. The inner portion of a meander is subject to less velocity and deposition forming a deposit called a point bar. The inner portion of a meander is subject to less velocity and deposition forming a deposit called a point bar.

Meander Curve Formation

Floodplains

Floodplains – The flat low lying area along a stream that is subjected to recurrent flooding. It is formed when the river overflows its channel during times of high flow. When floods occur, the floodplain is inundated. When the water recedes, deposits generally mask the underlying rock. Floodplains – The flat low lying area along a stream that is subjected to recurrent flooding. It is formed when the river overflows its channel during times of high flow. When floods occur, the floodplain is inundated. When the water recedes, deposits generally mask the underlying rock.

Floodplain Structure

Floodplain Terms

Floodplain Terms Defined Natural Levee – On either bank of most streams, develop as a by-product of flooding. When flood water arrive, the river overflows it bank, loses velocity and spreads out, and drops a portion of its sediment load. Natural Levee – On either bank of most streams, develop as a by-product of flooding. When flood water arrive, the river overflows it bank, loses velocity and spreads out, and drops a portion of its sediment load. Stream Terraces – Formation is a result of a stream cutting its floodplain to a lower elevation base level. Stream Terraces – Formation is a result of a stream cutting its floodplain to a lower elevation base level. River Delta – The mouth of a river is where it reaches its base level. The river’s forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of water, resulting in deposition. River Delta – The mouth of a river is where it reaches its base level. The river’s forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of water, resulting in deposition.

Examples of River Delta

Sacramento River Floodplain

Floods and River Management Floods and floodplains are rated statistically for the expected intervals between floods. A ten year flood is expected to occur every 10 years, it has a 10% probability of occurring in any one year. A 50 or 100 year flood is of greater catastrophic consequence, but it is less likely to occur in any given year. These events will occur randomly over time. Floods and floodplains are rated statistically for the expected intervals between floods. A ten year flood is expected to occur every 10 years, it has a 10% probability of occurring in any one year. A 50 or 100 year flood is of greater catastrophic consequence, but it is less likely to occur in any given year. These events will occur randomly over time.

Calculating Probabilities

Floodplain and Flood Maps

Human Impacts on Stream Processes Flood Control Flood Control Urbanization Urbanization

Flood Control Channelization – Process to straighten and deepen streams. Channelization – Process to straighten and deepen streams. Reduce upstream flooding Reduce upstream flooding Removes bank vegetation Removes bank vegetation Increases stream velocity Increases stream velocity Increases stream flow Increases stream flow Promotes upstream erosion Promotes upstream erosion Increases downstream flooding Increases downstream flooding Increases downstream depostion Increases downstream depostion Reduces habitat for aquatic wildlife Reduces habitat for aquatic wildlife

Flood Control Building Levees or Floodwalls Building Levees or Floodwalls Contain and accelerate stream flow Contain and accelerate stream flow Increases water capacity to do damage downstream Increases water capacity to do damage downstream Does not protect against unusually high and power floodwaters Does not protect against unusually high and power floodwaters

Natural Flood Control Preserve existing wetlands Preserve existing wetlands Restore degraded wetlands Restore degraded wetlands

Urbanization Covers land with buildings, asphalt, and concrete. Covers land with buildings, asphalt, and concrete. Greatly increases land area which is impervious to water. Greatly increases land area which is impervious to water. Increases urban runoff during precipitation events. Increases urban runoff during precipitation events. Decreases groundwater recharge to local streams. Decreases groundwater recharge to local streams.

Urbanization Mitigation Create green islands. Create green islands. Storm drain retention basins. Storm drain retention basins.

Climatic Change in California Models indicate no change in precipitation amounts Precipitation to be more rain and less snow Reduced snow pack storage Increased frequency of flood events Less water available during the dry season