The Muslim World Expands Chapter 18

Section 1-The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

The Turks Move into Byzantium GhazisGhazis-Anatolian Turks that saw themselves as warriors for Islam OttomansOttomans-Followers of Osman the most successful ghazi gun powder –Military Success based on gun powder cannons –Some of the 1 st people to use cannons

The Turks Move into Byzantium SultanSultan-Meaning ‘overlord’ or “one with power” Lived under the Ottomans local officials –Used local officials appointed by the sultan to rule conquered areas –Muslims –Muslims served in the Turkish army and paid religious taxes tax –Non-Muslims did not have to serve in the army but paid a small tax in return

The Turks Move into Byzantium Timur the Lame- (Tamerlane) –Received the nickname after taking an arrow to the leg Baghdad –Burned Baghdad to the ground Ottomans –Crushed the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara (1402)

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Mehmed II- Mehmed the Conqueror –Nicknamed Mehmed the Conqueror Constantinople –Attacked Constantinople Fired a 1,200lb bolder out of a 26-foot gun Istanbul After conquering the city he renamed it Istanbul opened it up to Christians, Jews, Muslims, Turks and non- Turks

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Suleyman the Lawgiver- –Ruled for 46 years bureaucratic –Created penalties for various criminal acts, bureaucratic and financial corruption balanced budget –Also introduced the concept of a balanced budget to governments

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Suleyman the Lawgiver- mathematics –Studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics and architecture tolerant –Because of Islamic law he was tolerant of other religions literature –Supported art and literature

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion ChristianDevshirme System-Members of the sultan’s army drafted from the Christian boys of conquered territories. –Converted educated –Converted to Islam, and educated them the sultanJanissaries-Elite force of 30,000 soldiers trained to be loyal only to the sultan.

Section 2 - Cultural Blending

Causes of Cultural Blending Migration Pursuit of religious freedom or conversion Trade Conquest Ottomans were located on a major trade route; opportunities to interact with different cultures. New ideas in art, literature, learning

Results of Cultural Blending Language Religion and ethical systems Styles of government Racial or ethnic blending Arts and Architecture

The Safavid Empire Origins Began as religious order named for founder Safavids concentrated on building powerful military Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquered Iran by 1451 Took title of shah=king Made Shi’a Islam official religion; killed Sunnis Son, Tahmasp, greatly expanded empire

Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—took throne in 1587 Reforms Helped create a thriving Safavid culture Reformed military and government; brought in Christian trade

Golden Age A New Capital Esfahan-new capital- was one of the world’s most beautiful cities Art Works Chinese artisans blended Chinese and Persian styles

The Dynasty Declines The Safavid Empire Weakens Abbas killed and blinded his ablest sons Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, led to empire’s decline By 1722, the empire was losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans Nadir Shah Afshar expanded the empire, but it fell apart in 1747

Section 3-The Mughal Empire in India

Early History of the Mughals MongolsMughals-Means Mongols nomadic –Group of nomadic invaders in Central Asia Babur1494-Babur inherited the kingdoms of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan at the age of 11 Mughal Empire –Swept down into India and laid the foundations for the Mughal Empire

Early History of the Mughals Akbar-Ruled India from 1556 to 1605 grandson –Babur’s grandson tolerance –Ruled with wisdom and tolerance Divine Faith –Created his own religion the “Divine Faith” revoltHe offended Muslims so much that they tried to revolt against him in 1581

Early History of the Mughals Art and Literature- –Illustrated books –Illustrated books flourished MiniaturesMiniatures-Small highly detailed, colorful paintings –Hindu literature –Hindu literature also saw a resurgence during Akbar’s time

Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan- –Killed –Killed anyone who got in his way of being king –Had two great passions in life: buildingsBeautiful buildings His wife Mumtaz Mahal –Sadly she died at age 39 while giving birth to their 14 th child

Akbar’s Successors Taj Mahal- Mumtaz MahalTaj Mahal- Towering marble dome built as a memorial to Mumtaz Mahal following her death most beautiful building –Referred to as the most beautiful building in the world

Akbar’s Successors Aurangzeb- Shah Jahan’s 3 rd son –Took power when Shah became sick greatest size –Expanded the Mughal Empire to it’s greatest size –Oppressed the people shariaStrict Islamic law (sharia) banned gambling, drinking, and other vices non-Muslims HindusTaxed non-Muslims and was cruel to Hindus

The Empire’s Decline and Decay Reasons for the Empire’s Decline- –Aurangzeb had drained its resources hunger –2 million people died of hunger local lords –As central power weakened the power of local lords grew western traders –The power of western traders began to increase